• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2013

The primary goal of this study was to compute sample sizes required to achieve the each aim of a variety of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) surveillance programs, using a statistically valid technique that takes the following factors into account: sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of diagnostic test system, desired minimum detectable prevalence, precision, population size, and desired power of the survey. In addition, sample sizes to detect FMD if the disease is present and also as proof of freedom were computed. The current FMD active surveillance programs consist of clinical, virological, and serological surveillance. For the 2012 serological surveillance, annual sample sizes (n = 265,065) are planned at four separate levels: statistical (n = 60,884) and targeted (n = 115,232) at breeding pig farms and slaughter house, in together with the detection of structural proteins (SP) antibodies against FMD (n = 88,949). Overall, the sample size was not designed taking the specific aims of each surveillance stream into account. The sample sizes for statistical surveillance, assuming stratified two-stage sampling technique, was based to detect at least one FMD-infected case in the general population. The resulting sample size can be used to obtain evidence of freedom from FMD infection, not for detecting animals that have antibodies against FMD virus non-structural proteins (NSP). Additionally, sample sizes for targeted surveillance were not aimed for the population at risk, and also without consideration of statistical point of view. To at least the author's knowledge, sampling plan for targeted, breeding pig farms and slaughter house is not necessary and need to be included in the part of statistical surveillance. Assuming design prevalence of 10% in an infinite population, a total of 29 animals are required to detect at least one positive with probability of 95%, using perfect diagnostic test system (Se = Sp = 100%). A total of 57,211 animals needed to be sampled to give 95% confidence of estimating SP prevalence of 80% at the individual animal-level with a precision of ${\pm}5%$, assuming 800 herds with an average 200 heads per farm, within-farm variance of 0.2, between-farm variance of 0.05, cost ratio of 100:1 of farm against animals. Furthermore, 779,736 animals were required to demonstrate FMD freedom, and the sample size can further be reduced depending on the parameters assumed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.637-645
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical alterations in the punching motion of 10 elderly women after 12 weeks of taekwonaerobics training. Seven infrared cameras(Qualisys MCU-240) and 2 force platforms(Kistler-9286AA) were used to acquire raw data. The results were as follows. First, the minimum joint angles of the lower limbs had a statistically significant difference between both the dorsiflexion/plantar flexion(1eft, $p=0.001^*$) and the inversion/eversion(both, $p=0.009^*$, $p=0.04^*$) from the ankle angle. There were differences in abduction/adduction(left, $p=0.04^*$) from the knee angle, as well as internal/external rotation(both, $p=0.07^*$, $p=0.02^*$) from the hip angle. Second, the maximum resultant joint moments of the lower limbs had statistically significant differences in the inversion/eversion moment from the ankle joint(both, $p=0.05^*$, $p=0.05^*$), the abduction/adduction moment(left, $p=0.08^*$) from the knee joint, and the internal/external rotation moment(right, $p=0.09^*$) from the hip joint. Third, the maximum resultant joint powers of the lower limbs had a statistically significant difference both in flexion/extension joint powers(both, $p=0.05^*$, $p=0.01^*$) and in abduction/adduction(both, $p=0.02^*$, $p=0.00^*$) from the hip joint, as well as abduction/adduction(left, $p=0.00^*$) from the knee joint, In conclusion, the elderly women were somewhat changed after 12 weeks of taekwonaerobics training.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.353-363
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigated the ELF-MF emission level of various environments such as 258 facilities near located to high voltage transmission lines and 120 high voltage transmission lines, 17 underground cable lines. In addition, ELF-MF reduction rate according to separation distance was calculated by using simulations. An appropriate separation distance showing below 4mG was at least 70m. In the case of the appropriate separation distance for 120 high voltage transmission lines, 154kV required 20m of separation distance and 345kV required 60m of separation distance. The simulation results showed that the appropriate separation distance showing below 4mG was 40m and 60m for overhead 154kV and 345kV respectively. To adjust the worst conditions considering the aspects of environmental impact assessment study and the electric power currents that will increase in the future, the appropriate minimum separation distance for HVTL is judged to be above 70m in this study. Thus, there is a need to establish the greenbelt or buffer zone within 70m so as to create an environment in which the receptors are not exposed and thereby eliminate the risk factors of ELF-MF against humans.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.2149-2156
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• 2011

In this paper, design of a new 3-dimensional (3-D) 16-ary signal constellation with constant envelope is presented and analyzed. Unlike the conventional 16-ary constellations, all signal points of the new constellation are uniformly located on the surface of a sphere so that they have a unique amplitude level and a symmetrical structure. When average power of the constellations is normalized, the presented 16-ary constellation has around 11.4% increased minimum Euclidean distance (MED) as compared to the conventional ones that have non-constant envelope. As a result, a digital communication system which exploits the presented constellation has 1.2dB improved symbol error rate (SER). While signal points of the conventional constant-envelope constellation are not distributed uniformly on the surface of a sphere, those of the proposed constellation has a completely symmetric distribution. In addition, the new signal constellation has much lower computational complexity for practical implementation than the conventional one. Hence, the proposed 3-D 16-ary signal constellation is appropriate for the application to a communication system which strongly requires a constant-envelope characteristic.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.49-56
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• 2018

Euclidean distance (ED) between error distribution and Dirac delta function has been used as an efficient performance criterion in impulsive noise environmentsdue to the outlier-cutting effect of Gaussian kernel for error signal. The gradient of ED for its minimization has two components; $A_k$ for kernel function of error pairs and the other $B_k$ for kernel function of errors. In this paper, it is analyzed that the first component is to govern gathering close together error samples, and the other one $B_k$ is to conduct error-sample concentration on zero. Based upon this analysis, it is proposed to normalize $A_k$ and $B_k$ with power of inputs which are modified by kernelled error pairs or errors for the purpose of reinforcing their roles of narrowing error-gap and drawing error samples to zero. Through comparison of fluctuation of steady state MSE and value of minimum MSE in the results of simulation of multipath equalization under impulsive noise, their roles and efficiency of the proposed normalization method are verified.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.340-348
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop new method for the manufacture of Yukwa, a Korean oil-puffed rice snack with a soft texture, using a far infrared ray electric roaster. The Yukwa base is traditionally expanded using oil, but the Yukwa base tends to develop unpleasant rancid odors or off-flavors during storage. In this study, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of mugwort powder was evaluated. Baked and fried Yukwa samples were added with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% of mugwort powder and left untreated as a control, and then tested for moisture content, expansion rate, color, hardness, and sensory evaluations. The samples with higher concentrations of mugwort powder, evidenced a more profound tendency toward DPPH radical scavenging activity. The moisture content of Yukwa dough tended to increase with the addition of mugwort powder. As the mugwort powder content increased, the moisture contents of the Yukwa base and the Baked Yukwa increased. The moisture content and expansion rates of the fried Yukwa did not differ significantly. The samples containing the mugwort power evidenced a lower expansion rate than was observed in the control group. The lightness of the baked and fried Yukwa was reduced with increased mugwort powder content. The greenness of the baked and fried Yukwa was at a minimum upon the addition of 2.0% mugwort powder. The yellowness of the baked Yukwa did not differ significantly between the samples. As the mugwort powder content increased, the yellowness of the fried Yukwa increased. The hardness of the baked and fried Yukwa tended to increase with the addition of mugwort powder. In the sensory evaluations, the baked Yukwa scored higher than the fried Yukwa, and all of the sensory characteristics of baked Yukwa scored highest in the samples without mugwort powder, but also scored fairly well with 1.0 and 1.5% mugwort powder. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that 1.0～1.5% of mugwort powder should be added to Yukwa baked in a far infrared ray electrical roaster in order to optimize physiological functions and keep overall acceptability reasonably high.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.277-287
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• 2001

Test derivation methods suitable for interoperability testing of communication protocols were proposed in [1,2, 3] and applied to the TCP and the ATM protocols, The test cases that were generated by them deal with only the control part of the protocols. However, in real protocol testing, the test cases must manage the data part as well. For complete testing, in principle we must test all possible values of data part although it is impractical to do so. In this paper, we present a method generating the interoperability test suite for both the data part and the control part of protocols with the example of Tep connection establishment. In this process, we make use of experimental design techniques from industrial engineering to minimize the size of test suite while keeping testing capability. Experimental design techniques have been used for protocol confom1ance testing but not for intcruperability testing so far. We generate the test suite for data part by this method and show a possibility that we can test interoperability of protocols with the minimum number of test cases while maintaining the testing power.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.166-171
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• 2017

Hydrogen gas is a green energy sources because it features no emission of pollutants during combustion. But hydrogen gas is very dangerous, being flammable and very explosive. Hydrogen gas detection is very important for the safety of a nuclear power plant. Hydrogen gas is generated by oxidation of nuclear fuel cladding during a critical accident, and leads to serious secondary damage in the containment building. This paper discusses the development of a Raman lidar system for remote detection and measurement of hydrogen gas. A small, portable Raman lidar system was designed, and a measurement algorithm was developed to quantitatively measure hydrogen gas concentration. To verify the capability of measuring hydrogen gas with the developed Raman lidar system, experiments were carried out under daytime outdoor conditions by using a gas chamber that can adjust the hydrogen gas density. As results, our Raman lidar system is able to measure a minimum density of 0.67 vol. % hydrogen gas at a distance of 20 m.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2018

Hydrogen gas is an important and promising energy resource that has no emissions of pollutants during power generation. However, hydrogen gas is very dangerous because it is colorless, odorless, highly flammable, and explosive at low concentration. Conventional techniques for hydrogen gas detection are very difficult for measuring the hydrogen gas distribution at long distances, because they sample the gas to measure its concentration. Raman lidar is one of the techniques for remotely detecting hydrogen gas and measuring the range of the hydrogen gas distribution. A Raman lidar system with an on-axis optical receiver was developed to improve the range of hydrogen gas detection at long distance. To verify the accuracy and improvement in the range of detecting the hydrogen gas, experiments measuring the hydrogen gas concentration are carried out using the developed on-axis Raman lidar system and a gas chamber, to prevent explosion of the hydrogen gas. As a result, our developed on-axis Raman lidar system can measure a minimum hydrogen gas concentration of 0.66 volume percent at a distance of 50 m.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 2014

In the present study, the chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of commercially available essential oils in Korea were investigated. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrated that they exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram positive, gram negative, and multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. The antimicrobial activity of five of the essential oils against 40 organisms was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values were in the ranges of 0.0625-0.5% (v/w) for lemongrass and manuka, 0.03125-1.0% (v/w) for tea tree, 0.0625-1.0% (v/w) for thyme, and 1-4% (v/w) for ravensara, depending on the pathogens studied. This study revealed that, among the essential oils tested, lemongrass and thyme oil showed broad antimicrobial activity against infectious bacteria. The antioxidant activities and the reducing power of the essential oils were determined with a 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Thyme oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity comparing with ascorbic acid. This is the first report on the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of commercially available essential oils against infectious bacteria and MDR strains acquired from Korean hospitals.