• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.48.1-48.11
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• 2020

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify mean oxygen saturation values (SpO₂) using pulse oximetry in permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde electronic databases were searched. Combinations and variations of "oximetry" AND "dental pulp test" were used as search terms. Studies reporting means and standard deviations of SpO₂ values were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and all analyses were performed using R software. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Of the 251 studies identified, 19 met the eligibility criteria and were included (total sample, 4,541 teeth). In the meta-analysis, the mean SpO₂ values were 84.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.85%-85.04%) for the central incisors, 89.29% (95% CI, 89.22%-89.35%) for the lateral incisors, and 89.20% (95% CI, 89.05%-89.34%) for the canines. The studies were predominantly low-quality due to the high risk of bias associated with the index test, unclear risk regarding patient selection, and concerns about outcome assessment. Conclusions: Although most studies were low-quality, the oxygen saturation levels in normal pulp could be established (minimum saturation, 77.52%). Despite the risk of bias of the included studies, the reference values reported herein are clinically relevant for assessments of changes in pulp status.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1977

Anderson(1937), Power and Barnes(1941) reported a study concerning a method of tubal sterilization in association with peritoneoscopy or laparoscopy in which they cauterized the tubes. There appears to have been a hiatus of interest in sterilization (cold or hot) associated with laparoscopy until reintroduction by Palmer(1963), Frangenheim(1964) and Steptoe(1967). On the other hand, for interval female sterilization, however, minilaparotomy is relatively new. By Saunder and Munsick(1972), John Lyle(1974), Frank Stubb(1974), Vitoon(1973) and B.C. Bai(1975), their own technique for interval female sterilization requires 2.0 to 2.5cm, incision at the margin of the mons pubis. In Korea, female sterilization by means of minilaparotomy firstly reported by B.C. Bai using Bai's uterine elevator, of his own device, early in 1975. Recently inteval female sterilization by laparoscopy and minilaparotomy are widely accepted throughout the world especially in Asian countries. Minilaparotomy is carried out from 1974, laparoscopic sterilization from 1976, and in this study each of 250 cases of those were analysed and discussed for the comparison at Seoul Red Cross Hospital. (1) In the age distribution, numerous clients were in their age of $31{\sim}35$ in laparoscopy as well as minilaparotomy. Average 33.7 years in L and 33.2 years in M. (M=minilaparotomy, L=laparoscopic sterilization) (2) As regarding living children, women having 3 children represented the greatest number, 113 cases out of 250 in M group and 102 cases out of 250 in L group. Average No. of child are 2.9 in Land 3.1 in M. (3) Concidering the operation day in the menstrml cycle, the greatest number of cases, those who underwent tubal sterilization during the days of $26{\sim}$, next during the $6{\sim}10$ days of the cycle in both group. (4) Concidering the operation time, 188 cases by laparoscopy were performed in $6{\sim}10$ minutes, 33 cases within 5 minutes and 24 cases in $11{\sim}15$ minutes. Maximum 50 minutes, minimum 4 minutes and average 8.3 minutes. The majority of cases (154 cases) by minilaparotomy required $6{\sim}10$ minutes and 67 cases $11{\sim}15$ minutes, 6 cases within 5 minutes. Maximum 30 minutes, minimum 4 minutes and average 10.4, minutes. In both groups, most of the reasons for the extra length were surgical difficulties such as thick abdominal wall, pelvic adhesion, less cooperation of patients in early period of this study. (5) Hospital stay after operation in L group required $3{\sim}4$ hours in 125 cases, $2{\sim}3$ hours in 41 cases, $4{\sim}5$ hours in 32 cases out of 250. Maximum 8 hours, minimum 1 hour and average 3.8 hours. In M group hospital stay required $6{\sim}7$ hours in 100 cases, over 7 hours in 85 cases, $5{\sim}6$ hours in 46 cases and so on. Maximum 14 hours, minimum 2 hours and average 6.5 hours. (6) The time between operation and gas passing in the majority cases of both groups, were $12{\sim}36$ hours. A veragetime 20.3 hours in L and 27.2 in M. (7) Laparoscopic sterilization coincident with induced abortion were carried out in 27 cases, laparoscopy with minilaparotomy to control for mesosalpingeal hemorrhage in 1 case. Minilaparotomy coincident with induced abortion were performed in 65 cases, D and C whit polypectomy, menstrual regulatian, and remaval of IUD in 1 case respectively. (8) In L group, 1 case of mesosalpingeal hemorrhage, 1 case of abdominal wall infection were complicated during operation. In M group, 1 case of uterine perfaration, 1 case of abdominal wall infection, 1 case of hemorrhage from omentum and 1 case of bloody vaginal discharge were complicated. No intensive medical treatment was required for those minor complications in both groups. (9) No failure has been recognized and these two sterilization techniques might be the simple, safe and the most effective method for permanent contraception at present time. There is no significant clinical defference between L and M group in this study.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2008

치아 및 치조골은 복합적인 구조이므로 치아의 함입이나 측방 탈구와 같은 치조와의 변위가 있는 다수 치아를 포함한 외상에서 치조골 골절이 동반될 수 있다. 치조골이 골절되면 치주인대 및 치수로의 혈행이 단절되어 치아의 합병증을 유발할 수 있고, 특히 유치열기 외상은 후속 영구치배에 손상을 줄 가능성이 있으므로 장기간의 관찰이 필요하다. 치아 및 치조골 골절의 치료 시에는 환자의 연령과 외상의 위치 및 범위, 유치의 변위 정도 및 방향을 고려해야하며, 골절편을 재위치 시키고 고정하기 위하여 아치바(arch bar), 레진-강선 고정, 교정용 밴드, 아크릴 또는 금속 캡 스플린트(acrylic or metal cap splint), 화이버 스플린트(fiber-splint) 등의 다양한 방법이 고안되었다. 본 증례는 외상으로 인하여 치조골이 골절되어 내원한 1세 11개월 된 환아로서 모형상에서 레진-강선 오픈 캡 스플린트(resin-wire open cap splint)를 제작하여 고정한 후 양호한 치료 결과를 얻었다. 이 방법은 부가적인 기공 과정이 필요하지만, 유치열기에서 사용할 수 있고, 시술시간이 짧아 비협조적인 환아에게 진정요법 없이 적용할 수 있으며, 일반적인 아크릴 캡 스플린트에 비해 부피가 작아 불편감이 적고, 교합을 방해하지 않으며, 접착시 시멘트가 빠져나갈 공간이 있어서 스플린트의 정확한 안착이 가능하다. 또한 비교적 통증이 적으며 침습적이지 않아 출혈이 없으므로 의과적문제가 있는 경우에도 사용할 수 있다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.601-610
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• 2001

치조골 파열을 동반한 순구개열 환자의 대부분은 영구견치 상방의 치조골 결손으로 인하여 맹출장애를 일으키게 되는데 이차적인 치조골이식을 통하여 영구견치의 맹출을 유도하게 된다. 본 연구의 목적은 순구개열 환자에서 재건된 치조골을 통하여 맹출된 영구견치의 치조골 지지도(alveolar bone support)를 정상 치조골을 통하여 맹출한 영구견치의 치조골 지지도(alveolar bone support)와 비교 평가하고 치조골 파열에 인접한 측절치의 유무 또는 치조골 이식수술시의 견치의 치근발육 정도가 수술후 견치의 치조골 지지도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구는 편측성 구개열 환자중 장골을 이용하여 이차적인 치조골 이식 수술을 받은 21명의 아동을 대상으로 하였고 치조골 이식수술 당시의 평균 연령은 9.8세 였으며 치조골 지지도 평가시의 최소 연령은 12.4세 였다. 치조골 지지도의 평가를 위하여 치근단 방사선 사진을 이용하였으며 해부학적 치근 길이에 대한 치조골로 지지된 치근단 길이를 백분율로 환산하여 치조골 지지도로 계산하였다. 동일한 환자에 있어서 치조골 파열부위의 견치를 실험군으로 정상부위의 견치를 대조군으로 사용하여 실험군의 대조군에 대한 치조골 지지도 획득 비율을 계산하였다. 실험군 견치의 치조골 지지도($88.7\%$)와 대조군 견치의 치조골 지지도($92.9\%$)사이에는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며 실험군 견치에서는 대조군 견치의 평균 $95\%$에 해당하는 치조골 지지도를 보였다. 치조골 파열 부위의 측절치의 존재여부와 치조골 이식당시의 환자의 나이 또는 영구견치의 치근 발육정토는 영구견치의 치조골 지지도에 유의할 만한 차이를 만들지는 않았다.음과 같다. 1 Alkaline phosphatase활성은 10, 100ng/m1의 IGF-I으로 처리한 군과 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 군, IGF-I으로 처리한 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 군에서 대조군보다 더 높게 나타났다. 10, 100ng/ml의 IGF-I으로 처리한 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 실험군에서 유의성 있게 높게 나타났다. 2. 100ng/m1농도의 IGF-I으로 직접 처리한 군에서 골모세포증식이 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 3. 총단백질량은 IGF-I투여와 상관없이 대조군, 실험군 모두 유사하였다. 4. 모든 실험군에서 BMP2,4가 발현되었고, 대조군과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 IGF-I의 투여여부와는 상관없이 치주인대 섬유모세포가 유리하는 물질이 골모세포의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, IGF-I은 고농도일때만 유의성있게 골모세포 활성을 촉진함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이 연구를 통하여 치주인대 섬유모세포가 골모세포활성을 촉진 시키는 작용을 가지고 있음이 확인되었다.8회의 회전후 파절한다. 그 다음으로 Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard(50.6회) 순이었다. 0.019x0.025의 경우 Jinsung Stainless Steel이 가장 커서 83.2회의 회전에 저항하고, Unitek Resilient, Unitek Standard의 순이고 Ormco와 Unitek Hi-T가 가장 저항력이 작았다. 6. 주사전자현미경으로 본 표면은 모든 제품에서 생산과정 중에 보이는 압흔과 pitting이 관찰되는데, 진성기업의 Stainless Steel은 가늘고 긴 압흔이 있으며 비교적

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.269-269
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• 2012

A new ion source has been designed, fabricated, and installed at the NBTS (Neutral Beam Test Stand) at the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) site. The goalis to provide a 100 keV, 2MW deuterium neutral beam injection as an auxiliary heating of KSTAR (Korea Super Tokamak Advanced Research). To cope with power demand, an ion current of 50 A is required considering the beam power loss and neutralization efficiency. The new ion source consists of a magnetic cusp bucket plasma generator and a set of tetrode accelerators with circular copper apertures. The plasma generator for the new ion source has the same design concept as the modified JAEA multi-cusp plasma generator for the KSTAR prototype ion source. The dimensions of the plasma generator are a cross section of $59{\times}25cm^2$ with a 32.5 cm depth. The anode has azimuthal arrays of Nd-Fe permanent magnets (3.4 kG at surface) in the bucket and an electron dump, which makes 9 cusp lines including the electron dump. The discharge properties were investigated preliminarily to enhance the efficiency of the beam extraction. The discharge of the new ion source was mainly controlled by a constant power mode of operation. The discharge of the plasma generator was initiated by the support of primary electrons emitted from the cathode, consisting of 12 tungsten filaments with a hair-pin type (diameter = 2.0 mm). The arc discharge of the new ion source was achieved easily up to an arc power of 80 kW (80 V/1000 A) with hydrogen gas. The 80 kW capacity seems sufficient for the arc power supply to attain the goal of arc efficiency (beam extracted current/discharge input power = 0.8 A/kW). The accelerator of the new ion source consists of four grids: plasma grid (G1), gradient grid (G2), suppressor grid (G3), and ground grid (G4). Each grid has 280 EA circular apertures. The performance tests of the new ion source accelerator were also finished including accelerator conditioning. A hydrogen ion beam was successfully extracted up to 100 keV /60 A. The optimum perveance is defined where the beam divergence is at a minimum was also investigated experimentally. The optimum hydrogen beam perveance is over $2.3{\mu}P$ at 60 keV, and the beam divergence angle is below $1.0^{\circ}$. Thus, the new ion source is expected to be capable of extracting more than a 5 MW deuterium ion beam power at 100 keV. This ion source can deliver ~2 MW of neutral beam power to KSTAR tokamak plasma for the 2012 campaign.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2003

기존의 DDHV는 양방향 시간교통량의 합으로부터 K계수. D계수를 도출하여 산정하고 있다. 이로 인해 설계순위와 실제순위의 차이, DDHV 산정값의 오차, DDHV의 불규칙한 변동 등의 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 서로 독립적인 두 방향(상행, 하행)의 교통량 중 중방향 시간교통량에서 설계대상 순위를 결정하여, K계수와 D계수를 분리하지 않고 동시에 적용하는 방법(비분리방안)을 제시하였다. 일반국도 상시조사지점 360개 지점에 대하여 30순위를 기존 DDHV 산정방법(분리방안)으로 분석결과 다음과 같은 오차가 나타났다. - 설계순위와 실제순위가 357지점(99.2%)에서 불일치 - 실제순위 특성 : 평균 80순위, 최대 1,027순위. 최소 2순위 - 설계순위와 실제순위의 오차분포 : 10시간 내(30$\pm$10시간)가 106지점(29.4%). 254지점(70.6%)은 30순위와 $\pm$10순위이상 오차 발생 - DDHV 산정값의 오차율 : 평균 8.4%, 최대 46.7% 반면, 비분리방안은 설계순위와 실제순위가 전체 지점에서 일치하고 DDHV 산정값의 오차율이 "0"이므로, AADT가 정확한 것을 전제할 경우 비분리방안에 의해 설계시간교통량 산정시 평균 50순위, DDHV 8.4%의 오차 개선효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.것으로 분석되었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2019

Background: The mandibular third molar (M3) is typically the last permanent tooth to erupt because of insufficient space and thick soft tissues covering its surface. Problems such as alveolar bone loss, development of a periodontal pocket, exposure of cementum, gingival recession, and dental caries can be found in the adjacent second molars (M2) following M3 extraction. The specific aims of the study were to assess the amount and rate of bone regeneration on the distal surface of M2 and to evaluate the aspects of bone regeneration in terms of varying degree of impaction. Methods: Four series of panoramic radiographic images were obtained from the selected cases, including images from the first visit, immediately after extraction, 6 weeks, and 6 months after extraction. ImageJ software^® (NIH, USA) was used to measure linear distance from the region of interest to the distal root of the adjacent M2. Radiographic infrabony defect (RID) values were calculated from the measured radiographic bone height and cementoenamel junction with distortion compensation. Repeated measures of analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to analyze the statistical significant difference between RID and time, and a Spearman correlation test was conducted to assess the relationship between Pederson's difficulty index (DI) and RID. Results: A large RID (> 6 mm) can be reduced gradually and consistently over time. More than half of the samples recovered nearly to their normal healthy condition (RID ≤ 3 mm) by the 6-month follow-up. DI affected the first 6 weeks of post-extraction period and only showed a significant positive correlation with respect to the difference between baseline and final RID. Conclusions: Additional treatments on M2 for a minimum of 6 months after an M3 extraction could be recommended. Although DI may affect bone regeneration during the early healing period, further study is required to elucidate any possible factors associated with the healing process. The DI does not cause any long-term adverse effects on bone regeneration after surgical extraction.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

New generation of tall and complex buildings systems are now introduced that are reflective of the latest development in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While the complexity in design is being overcome by the availability and advances in structural analysis tools and readily advanced software, the design of these buildings are still reliant on minimum code requirements that yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction planning of Burj Khalifa since its inception until its completion prompted the author to conceptually develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate all the fundamental assumptions mad for the design and construction planning of the tower. The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by man; the tower is 828 meters tall and comprises of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind effects was one of the most important design criteria established at the onset of the project design. Understanding the structural and foundation system behaviors of the tower are the key fundamental drivers for the development and execution of a state-of-the-art survey and structural health monitoring (SHM) programs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to discuss the execution of the survey and real-time structural health monitoring programs to confirm the structural behavioral response of the tower during construction stage and during its service life; the monitoring programs included 1) monitoring the tower's foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the strains of the tower vertical elements, 4) measuring the wall and column vertical shortening due to elastic, shrinkage and creep effects, 5) measuring the lateral displacement of the tower under its own gravity loads (including asymmetrical effects) resulting from immediate elastic and long term creep effects, 6) measuring the building lateral movements and dynamic characteristic in real time during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior in real time under building permanent conditions, 8) and monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. This extensive SHM program has resulted in extensive insight into the structural response of the tower, allowed control the construction process, allowed for the evaluation of the structural response in effective and immediate manner and it allowed for immediate correlation between the measured and the predicted behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no doubt pioneer the use of new survey techniques and the execution of new SHM program concepts as part of the fundamental design of building structures. Moreover, this survey and SHM programs will be benchmarked as a model for the development of future generation of SHM programs for all critical and essential facilities, however, but with much improved devices and technologies, which are now being considered by the author for another tall and complex building development, that is presently under construction.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2016

본 연구는 맥박산소측정기를 이용하여 광용적맥파 파형의 원데이터를 기록하고 분석함으로써 치수 생활력 측정에 이 원데이터 분석의 적용가능성을 살펴보고 정상 치수 생활력을 갖는 소아환자의 상악 중절치에 대한 광용적맥파 파형의 파라미터에 대한 기초 자료를 마련할 목적으로 시행되었다. 상악 중절치에 대해 정상 치수 생활력을 갖고 전신질환이 없는 30명의 환아(남 16명, 여 14명, 평균연령 11.4세)를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 맞춤형 센서와 맥박산소측정기를 이용하여 측정하였으며 측정결과는 적색 파장과 적외선 파장의 원데이터 형태로 기록되었고 LabChart(v.7.3, ADInstruments, Germany)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 소아에서 정상 치수생활력을 갖는 상악 중절치에 대한 광용적맥파 파형의 파라미터의 기준값을 제시할 수 있었으며 소아의 치수혈류측정에 이러한 광용적맥파 파형 분석이 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.249-270
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• 1993

For understanding of anatomy, physiology, and diseases of human TMJ, it is required to evaluate quantitatively the movement of the disc and condyle head of mandible. The histologic section of cadaver TMJ were examined, and the magnification of the MR image and its details of anatomy were evaluated. And then a quantitative analytic method, by comparing the Sectograph and the MR image of vital human TMJ, was proposed. For this study, 15 subjects(Male, 24~35years) were selected from a prosthodontic examination randomly, and each subject’s five interocclusal rubber registration records were made on the ICP, and 5, 10, 15, and 20mmjaw opening positions. All subjects were radiographed with a Denar Quint Sectograph Image System(Denar Corp., USA), and imaged with a MRP-20EX MR Image System(0.2T, Permanent Magnet Type, Hitachi Medical Corp., Japan) using an 100mm diameter bilateral type surface coil. These images were traced on the acetate tracing paper, and analyzed In this study, the findings led to the following conclusions. 1. In comparison of the histologic section of autopsy specimen with the MR image at the same section, the size(dimension) of MR image was 70% of the real one. It was possible to recognize the shape of articular disc, anterior and posterior attachments, and adjacent soft tissues, because of the excellent reproducibility of anatomical structure. 2. When we compared the amount of joint space on MR image with that of joint space on sectograph, the amount of joint space on sectograph was significantly greater than that of joint space on MR image, except at the top of condylar head. 3. The position of minimum joint space on sectograph at intercuspal position didn't coincide with the middle position of articular disc on MR image, and was approximately in the anterior third of posterior band of articular disc. 4. The amount of condylar movement on MR image at opening movement was greater than that of articular disc movement. From Intercuspal position to 5mm jaw-opening movement, the condylar movement showed hinge one, and over the range 5mm jaw-opening it suggested hinge & translatory one. 5. In terms of area variation of articular disc measured on MR image in sagittal plane, the area of posterior band increased with increasing the amount of Jaw opening, but the area of anterior band decreased conversely.