• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1996

Sixteen Harnai males were used to evaluate the influence of varying levels of fourwing saltbush hay on feed and water intakes as well as the blood serum mineral status in a completely randomized design. The animals were grouped randomly into four, with four animals in each. The four groups were randomly allotted low, medium, high and very high levels of saltbush hay supplementation in addition to wheat straw. The animals were given fresh water at free of choice. Weekly body weight was recorded for each individual animal. Blood serum was collected for mineral contents. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The inclusion of saltbush leaves in the diet showed a non-significant effect on the total dry matter intake. There has been a significant increase in the water intake when very high levels of saltbush were included in the ration. Lower levels showed no effect on the water intake. The animals maintained their body weight from week 1 to week 8. No treatment by weeks interactions on the potassium and sodium levels were detected. However higher levels of saltbush increased significantly the potassium and sodium contents in the serum. Calcium contents were significantly(p<0.01) lowered with the inclusion of saltbush leaves in the diet. Whereas Phosphorous contents showed an increasing(p<0.05) trend with the higher levels of saltbush. No clinical or sub-clinical toxicological symptoms were observed in the sheep with the higher mineral contents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.156-162
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and correlation of anthropometric data, eating behaviors, and nutrient intake on the bone mineral density(BMD) of female college students. 349 female college students were surveyed and their age, height, and weight were an average of 20.5 years, 163.2 cm and 54.0 kg, respectively. Their average BMI was 20.2, with 66% falling in the normal range, 21.8% classified as underweight, 8.0% as overweight, and obese individuals comprised 3.4% of the sample by BMI classification. Calcaneal BMD was measured and the average T-score was 0.117. The results of BMD measurements were normal in 268 people(76.8%), osteopenia was found in 71 individuals(20.3%), and osteoporosis in 10(2.9%), respectively. There was a significant difference in bone mineral density according to height(p<0.05) and BMI (p<0.01). There were significant differences between BMD and eating behavior, regularity of eating behaviors(p<0.05), instant food intake(p<0.05), eating out(p<0.05) and nutritional supplement intake(p<0.05). In addition, normal the group with normal BMD had a more desirable eating behavior compared to the osteopenia and osteoporosis afflicted groups. BMD had a significant difference according to the nutrient intake of calcium(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). In conclusion, BMD showed a good correlation with height(p<0.01), BMI(p<0.01), body composition including total body water(p<0.05), FFM(p<0.05), body protein(p<0.05) and intake of calcium(p<0.05), iron(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05). Therefore, an education plan and training on balanced diets proper body weight control, and desirable eating behaviors for female college students will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine whether bone mineral density changes in 55 young Korean college women aged 19 to 26 years over 2 years and nutritional and biochemical factors are related. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), ward's triangle (WT), and femoral trochanter (FT) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry three times at one-year intervals. Serum osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and urinary cross-linked N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) were measured. Dietary intake was assessed 8 times with 24-hour recall method. Physical activity (PA) was obtained by questionnaire and body fat content was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and after 2 years. Analyses were performed on 34 subjects with all three BMD measurements. The BMDs at the lumbar spine gradually increased over 2 years, while the BMDs of three sites at the femur were sustained or increased. The mean OC, PTH had a similar pattern with the change of BMD at the femur. The mean NTx decreased over 2 years but was still higher than those in other studies. BMI, body fat, vitamin A and zinc intake had a significant correlation with LS-BMD. Femur, PTH, body fat, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$and calcium intake had a significant correlation with WT-BMD and was mostly influenced by diet. By multiple regression analysis, it was shown that the significant factors affecting the LS-BMD were BMI and vitamin A intake and those affecting FN and WT were age, BMI, PTH and calcium intake. These results indicate that some Korean women still experience increases in BMD and that this was associated with PTH and vitamin A and calcium intake. Therefore, proper diet and diet management is needed to increase changes in BMD among college women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.635-645
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on nutrient intake and blood mineral status. The subjects were composed of two groups.55 smokers and 52 non-smokers. A 24-hour recall method was used along with questionnaires and serum mineral levels were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of the smokers and non-smokers were 55.5 and 59.3 years old, respectively. The height, obesity degree, BMI, and WHR of the smokers were significantly higher than those of the non-smokers (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) Approximately 45.5% of the smokers smoked 16-20 cigarettes per day. The average age that the smokers started smoking was 22.0 years old and their smoking history was 33.5 years. About 74.5% of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while 44.2% of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less meals and breakfast meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy intake and CPF energy intake ratio were 1231.8 ㎉ and 69.8 : 14.8 : 14.7 in the smokers and 1210.2 ㎉ and 72.1 : 14.7 12.7 in the non-smokers, respectively. The results show that the smokers tended to consume more energy, lipid, and cholesterol compared to the non-smokers. The results also show that in both groups, nutrient intake was lower than the RDA. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of the intake frequency of green-yellow vegetables and fresh fruits. There were no significant differences in serum levels of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. However, serum Se level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the subjects of this study showed a serious imbalance in the nutrient intake, and the smokers showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their high intake of energy, lipid, cholesterol, alcoholic beverages, and coffee. The serum Se level of the smokers was higher than that of the non-smokers, showing that Se is involved in smoking, Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to Se and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal growth and maintenance and in the prevention of various diseases. We investigated the relationship between vitamin D intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults aged ${\geq}50$ years using the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was conducted in 1,808 subjects aged ${\geq}50$ years with BMD data in Korea. Dietary vitamin D levels were assessed by the 24-hour recall method. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We investigated general characteristics and the association between these characteristics, vitamin D status, and BMD. RESULTS: Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in the osteoporosis group among women (P < 0.05). Among all subjects, the higher the serum 25(OH)D concentration, the higher the whole-body total BMD (WBT-BMD), femoral total hip BMD, and femoral neck BMD (P < 0.01). In the serum vitamin D-deficient group of both the total population and women, serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with WBT-BMD (P < 0.05). Among women with a calcium intake < 537.74 mg/day, BMD of those with a vitamin D intake > $2.51{\mu}g/day$ (average intake of women) was higher than that of women with a vitamin D intake ${\leq}2.51{\mu}g/day$ (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Korean adults should increase their BMD by increasing serum 25(OH)D concentration. Furthermore, increasing vitamin D intake could improve BMD, especially in Korean women who consume less calcium than the estimated average requirement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1200-1206
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between NEAP (net rate of endogenous noncarbonic acid production) from dietary potassium and protein intakes, and bone mineral density and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) in Korean women. The subjects were 276 women aged $18\sim81$, and they were asked about general characteristics and nutrient intake using 24-hr recall method. Also, their bone mineral density of spine and femoral neck were measured using DEXA. Urinary DPD analysis was done in 106 postmenopausal women. The average energy, protein and potassium intake were 1503.0 kcal, 57.7 g and 60.8 mEq, respectively. Mean NEAP [54.5$\times${protein intake (g)/potassium intake (mEq)}-10.2] was 44.6. NEAP showed a significantly negative correlation with spine bone mineral density of the subjects after controlling for confounding factors (age, height and weight) (p<0.05). The lowest quartile of protein intake had the highest spine bone mineral density after controlling for confounding factors (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between urinary DPD and calculated NEAP. These results provided positive relation between a ratio of lower protein to higher potassium dietary intake and bone mineral density.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 1996

The relationship of nutrients intake and bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 285 Korean postmenopausal women (age 40-70 y) consisted of 65 normal women and 159 osteopenia patients who don't have other diagnosed disease. BMD was measured at the spine (vertebrae L2-4) and femur (neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter). Height, weight, body mass index(BMI), lean body mass(LBM), body fat(Bfat) and dietary intakes of animal calcium(animal Ca), protein and phosphorus per 1,000kcaI intake were correlated with BMD of the spine and the femur positively(p<0.05). Women with an animal calcium intake < 315mg/d (mean % animal Ca/total Ca intake > 50%) exhibited significantly lower BMD of the spine and Ward's triangle than that of women with an intake > 315mg/d, p<0.OS. When subjects were grouped by diagnosis into 3 groups (normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis group), animal Ca intake of osteoporosis group (mean animal Ca intake 261mg) was significantly lower than those of the other two groups (mean animal Ca intake 306mg and 297mg, respectively), p < 0.05. These results suggest that balanced nutrients intake and increased animal Ca in the diet is likely to be beneficial in reducing bone loss in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.292-298
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• 2006

Modification of the diet during childhood and adolescence may be an effective strategy for maximizing the peak bone mass. Many supplementation studies have suggested a positive effect of the increased vitamin D intake on the bone mineral status in the elderly. However to date all studies have been conducted on old men and postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing rats. Twenty Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into two groups; Control, and vitamin D supplementation. The bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) were measured using PIXImus in the spine and femur. Vitamin D supplementation did not affect the level of weight gain, mean food intake and food efficiency ratio. In addition, vitamin D supplementation had no added effect on the spine and femur BMD, and BMC. There were no significant differences in the spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight between the groups, but the spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight was 11 % higher in the vitamin D supplementation group. The femur BMD/weight and femur BMC/weight were significantly higher in the vitamin D supplementation group 9 weeks after the experiment. These results provide evidence of the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on the BMD during the growth period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1066-1075
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• 1998

The use of vitamin and mineral supplements among 330 preschool children was examined for relationships with general characteristics and food habits. Mean intake of vitamin and minerals obtained from supplement use was calrulated. The percrntage of preshool children receiving vitamin-mineral supplements was 34.2% and a higher percentage of use was shown in boys(p<0.05). Among preschool children, supplement use by mother and children showed some association(p<0.05). Socio-economi factors had little influence on vitamin-mineral supplement usage. There D·ere no significant differences in. weight and height between the users and non-users. The parent's main reasons f3r providing their preschoolers with vitamin-mineral supplements were that they were unsure that the preschoolers were receving sufficient nutrients from their diet, and that they were not healthy. The reasons for not feeding their children vitamin-mineral supplements were that considered the preschoolers were eating well and were healthy, therefore vitamin-mineral supplements were not necessary. The mean vitamin intake obtained from the supplements was about 2-7 times the RDA, but the level of minerals(Ca, Fe, Zn) furnished by supplement use was 1/2 of the RDA. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1()66-1075, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.622-633
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age and the dietary factors influcencing on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. The subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, and were divided into 4 age groups. BMD of lumbar of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter)and total body was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. The nutrient intake measured by convenient method was similar to or more than the level of RDA. The significant relationship between nutrient intake and BMD was observed. Particularly for lumbar spine and total body in group 4 (50-60yr), such as energy, carbohyrate, protein, fat, Ca, animal Ca, meat Ca, Fe, thiamin and niacin were found significantly positive correlations. By analysis of multiple regression, significant relationships were shown between protein and lumbar spine and total body BMD in group 4, between ascorbic acid and total body BMD in group 2(17-34 yr). Energy expenditure showed better corrlations with BMD rather than nutrient intake. BMD was significantly greater in subjects consuming a mean dietary Ca intake more than 125% of RDA compared with less than 75% of RDA. In high Ca intake group ($\geq$125% of RDA), there were the significantly negative correlations between animal (meat) Ca and BMD in each bone of 7-9 years. The excessive intake of animal protein in this age group was found. And the correlations between BMD and past milk consumptin were significant in all skeletal sites of group 1(7-16 yr). This study confirms that the most effective way of preventing osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through the balanced adequate intake of Ca and other nutrients and regular physical activity.