• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.441-449
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• 2014

As people seek a healthy, wealthy, and quality life more than before, interests in mineral water are picking up and the consumption continues to increase accordingly. In an experiment to examine changes in the water quality after mineral water on the market was kept indoor and outdoor for four weeks, there seemed to be no problem in external appearance. Water kept in an outdoor storage contained more odor-savor than water kept in an indoor storage. Odor was not detected in 90% of the sample, and savor not in 80% of it. As for the mechanism of odor-savor generation, the elution of chemical substances from a container may be taken into consideration. In general, odor and savor have turned out to be in close correlation to each other. The average number of bacteria in the sample mineral water was $200{\pm}10CFU/mL$, and such factors as area of storage and ozone post-treatment did not cause significant effects on the reproduction of common microbes. Hence, it is thought that strict regulations on a production process and reduction of the period of circulation will contribute to customers consumption rates.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.309-322
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• 1990

The accelerated industrialization of Korean economy over the last couple of decades has brought an era of mass consumption of mineral commodities. This increased consumption has been satisfied mainly by imports from abroad. South Korea has about 50 useful mineral commodities for the mineral industry, among 330 kinds of minerals described. In 1988 the self-sufficiency ratio of domestic demand for 44 non-fuel(metallic and non-metallic) minerals as a whole was no more than 29 percent. The ratio for 26 non-metallic minerals was much higher, about 66 percent. On the other hand, the ratio for 18 metallic minerals was relatively very low, about 6.3 percent. The correlation between GNP and mineral consumption in South Korea shows well the slow down patterns during the last two decades.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.6-12
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• 2014

We reviewed literature focusing on the amounts of domestic production, distribution, and consumption of strong acids and their spill cases. In particular, we investigated the chemistry and toxicity of four strong acids classified as "accident preparedness substances," including hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrofluoric acid. We recommend sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid as the chemicals of priority control based on the amounts used and toxicity. An advanced prevention/response system needs to be established along with an improved human and social infrastructure to prevent and efficiently respond to chemical accidents. Understanding the behavior and transport of spilled strong acids in the soil and groundwater environments requires a multi-disciplinary approach since they go through a variety of chemical and biogeochemical reactions with complex geomedia. However, no such research has been done in this area in Korea to the best of our knowledge. We expect the results of this study to contribute as basic data to future research.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.242-250
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 4-month milk consumption in the prevention of osteoporosis in elderly women living in Asan. Subjects included 277 women age over 65 years were divided into control (n=111) and milk (n=166) groups. For those in the milk group, one cup (200ml) of partially lactose-digested low-fat milk was provided everyday for 4 months. Each subject was interviewed to assess food intake by 24-h recall method before and after milk supplementation. Prevalence of osteoporosis was determined by WHO criteria with calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) on left heel. After 4 months, the nutrient intake levels of control did not change while intakes of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous, riboflavin, pyridoxin, niacin and folic acid were significantly increased in milk group. No significant changes were observed in anthropometric, and BMD in both control and milk groups. T-score of milk group, however, was significantly increased after 4 month milk consumption. Prevalence of osteoporosis was increased (27% to 32%) in control group while that of milk group was decreased (32% to 30%). When BMD and t-score changes after 4 months of milk consumption were compared between those with low baseline calcium intake and high calcium intake subjects in the milk group, BMD and t-score were significantly improved in the low baseline calcium intake group. We conclude that one cup a day milk consumption for a relatively short period of 4 months can prevent further bone loss and significantly improve intakes of both macro and micro-nutrients of elderly women.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Adolescents grow rapidly and have lots of schoolwork for entrance examination, so good nutrition is very important to them. However, adolescents tend to have a poor dietary behavior including frequent consumption of empty calorie foods and skipping breakfast. In particular, frequency of drinking milk has been low among Korean adolescents, thus their dietary calcium intakes has been low. Undesirable dietary behavior of adolescents is a risk factor for poor nutrition, obesity and chronic disease of them. Milk is a good source for calcium, high quality of protein, vitamin and bioactive compounds including anti-obesity component, thus it has been reported that milk helps improvement of dietary nutrient adequacy and physical growth, increment of bone mineral density, and prevention of obesity and chronic diseases. Therefore, milk consumption of adolescents should be encouraged in order to help their nutritional status, physical growth and health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 1994

The relationship between bone mineral density and the environmental factors were investigated from the view point of preventing osteoporosis in Korean pubescent girls. The effects of calcium, nutrient intake, physical activity on total bone mineral density, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral density and total bone mineral content were evaluated 33 healthy pubescent girls aged 14∼16y. A convenient method was used to assess nutritional and energy intake and calcium index was used together. Calcium intake in childhood was estimated by asking whether subjects usually drank milk as children. Eating habits data and history of menstruation were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Average energy expenditure was calculated. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX＋Scanner (Lunar, Madison, WI). The lumbar spine(L2∼L4) and three sites in the proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric region, and Ward's triangle)were measured. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index(BMI) was derived from the formula : BMI=kg/㎡ Statistical analysis was performed by simple correlation using the SAS package. The mean calcium intake (736mg) was below the RDA of 800mg/d. Twelve percent of the total subjects did not drink milk at all because they did not like the taste. Skipping meals, low calcium intake and low energy intake were significantly correlated with the low BMD. Also the data indicate that girls who reported drinking milk with every meal during childhood had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported drinking milk less frequently. The results suggest that milk consumption in childhood appears to be needed not only for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. There was a highly significant correlation between the total BMD and overall level of physical activity. Body weight was a better predictor of total BMD than was and other factor. Simple mechanical loading may explain why body weight, but total BMC was positively relatd to height. Conclusively, increasing calcium intake and physical activity in the pubescent girls could influence BMD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.460-466
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary patterns on bone mineral density and its biochemical markers among Korean healthy college women for 2 years, 34 female college students were recruited through convenience sampling. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) twice at baseline and two years later. Osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone were measured in fasting serum and N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) in urine. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recall method 8 times with average 4-month interval. Dietary patterns with percent energy of each food group using cluster analysis were classified into two groups. The first cluster (n = 16) was characterized with high consumption of bread, snack, fast foods, beverage and considerable of rice so it was determined as 'Modified dietary pattern group'. The second cluster was characterized with high consumption of rice and kimchi so determined as 'Traditional dietary pattern group'. There were no significant difference of age, menarcheal age, body mass index but percent of body fat by pattern groups. The traditional group showed higher value of bone mineral density among lumber spine and all femur sites at baseline and 2 years later but it was not significant after adjusted for percent of body fat. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTx was higher among the traditional group at baseline than the modified group. There were similar proportions of carbohydrate:fat:protein between groups but significantly higher intake of protein, iron, vitamin A among the traditional group. In conclusion, there were two distinctive dietary patterns among Korean college women. There was difference of bone mineral density and its biochemical markers between two patterns. Further research would be necessary to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and health risks for larger-sized and various populations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products, physical growth and bone mineral density in 664 male and female middle school and high school students aged 15-17 years. In the study, the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products was analyzed, and the height, body composition, and bone mineral density of the right heel bone (calcaneus) were measured. The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products was calculated as the 'dairy equivalent of calcium', which is the calcium content in 200 mL of white milk. The cutoffs of tertiles of the dairy equivalent of calcium were calculated and then the subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to the tertiles, Q1 group (lower intake group), Q2 group (middle intake group) and Q3 group (upper intake group). The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products in Q1, Q2 and Q3 groups was 16.2 mg, 99.7 mg, and 284.0 mg, respectively, and the ratio of milk and milk product consumption to the daily total calcium intake was 5.4%, 27.4%, and 49.7%, respectively. The ratio of total calcium intake to the daily recommended intake in study subjects was 30.5% in Q1, 42.3% in Q2, and 60.7% in Q3, with significant differences (P < 0.05). Height, body weight, BMI, and % of body fat in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) were not significantly different. However, the T scores for bone mineral density in female students in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) was significantly different (P < 0.05). The study showed that the intake of milk and milk products in adolescents, particularly in girls, can improve the bone mineral density without increasing body weight, and thus confirmed that milk intake is important in adolescence.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.644-653
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• 2004

This study was conducted to detennine the dietary and lifestyle factors related to bone the mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women with decreased BMD. The subjects (N =163) were recruited from women who visited a orthopedic clinic for BMD check up. A trained dietition interviewed subjects individually to obtain data about dietary behavior, consumption frequency of foods known as main dietary source of calcium and potassium, and clinical symptoms. The risk factors were identified by correlation and multiple regression analysis of variables. The mean age of the subjects was 66.8 yews. Most of them showed low levels of education and monthly income. The mean age of menarche and menopause were 17.2 and 48 year, respectively. The mean menopause duration was 18.7 year. Most of the consumption of calcium was centered to vegetable foods. Education level were positively correlated (r =0.272, P < 0.05) with BMD whereas age, menarch age, menopause duration, number of children were negatively correlated (r=-0.355, r=-0.240, r=-0.283, r=-0.193, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. The consumption of soybean, radish were positively correlated (r=0.187, r=0.158, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Potassium intake with rice showed significantly negative correlation with BMD (r =-0.189, P < 0.05), but calcium intake with brown seaweeds, bean sprouts were positively correlated (r =0.247, r =0.254 respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Protein intake with roasted pork was also positively correlated (r =0.216, P < 0.05) with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most prominent negative predictor influencing the BMD was age. Minor negative factors influencing the BMI were age of menarche, potassium intake from rice. But the significantly positively factors influencing the BMD were consumption of radish and soybean intake, education, and protein intake with roasted pork. In conclusion brown seaweeds, radish or soybeans can be promoted as cheap foods replacing milk and milk products for menopausal women with low income.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1997

Use of the viamin-mineral supplements markedly increased with the awareness of diet and health. Data were collected from the self-administered questionnaire of 450 free living elderly, 60 to 94 years old, in Korea, to assess the relationships between socioeconomic variables, beliefs about nutrition, and the factors affecting gupplements usage. In addition, vitamin-mineral intakes through the supplements were calculated, and compared with RDA. 44.9% of the subjects took the vitamin-mineral supplements, and significantly higher percentage of women(49.3%) than men(38.1%) took supplements(p<0.05). The higher the education level, monthly pocket money, the percentage of supplements consumption was higher. People living in large cities took more supplements than those in small cities. One of the mainly cited reasons for taking supplements was to maintain health. The most favored nutrient supplements used by the subjects were in the order of vitamin B complex, vitamin E and Calcium, and vitamin-mineral intake through the supplements were much greater than RDA and ranges of their intakes were very wide. Vitamin B1 and vitamin E were observed to consume excessive amount(63 times of RDA and 40 times of RDA, respectively). The reasons for supplementation were often inappropriate and unreliable sources of information were used. Thus nutritional understanding and education of the elderly peopled are needed in regard to the use of vitamin-mineral supplements, and the relationship between adequate diet and good health.