• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.414-422
• /
• 1993

The longitudinal changes on human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants(boys=15, girls=12) from 0.5 to 6 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method in Cheongju and Anseong area. Infant milk intake per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean intake at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months were 532, 695, 734, 756, 785, 767, and 710g, respectively. The average intakes were 752 and 660g for boys and girls, respectively. The overall mean intake was 711g/day. The milk intake between boys and girls at 1, 2, 4 months, and mean value was significantly different(p<0.05). Infant milk intake had a significant positive correlation with human milk volume of lactating women, but no correlation with maternal age, weight before delivery, height, and birth weight.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.12-25
• /
• 2014

The calcium intake of elementary school students residing in Gyeongsangbukdo province from their school foodservice and milk program was evaluated. A total of 252 subjects (50.4% boys and 49.6% girls) were examined. A significant percentage of the total subjects (32.9%) reported skipping breakfast once or more per week, with the major reasons for skipping breakfast being a lack of time and appetite. A majority of the to-tal subjects (78.2%) participated in the school milk program. The type of milk consumed by the subjects was mainly white milk, with a milk intake mostly between one and two cups. Participants in the school milk program consumed over the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium, but non-participants consumed only 48.1% of the RNI (P<0.001). The calcium intake rate according to food cooking methods, from highest to lowest was in the order bap, twigim, jeon, jjim, and gui. Although the food intake rate of guk was low, the calcium intake rate by RNI was the highest for guk. On the other hand, the food intake rate of bap and kimchi was high, but their calcium intake rate by RNI was relatively low. These results show that non-participants in the school milk program are significantly deficient in calcium. Therefore, to improve the calcium nutrition for children, school lunch menus containing high calcium need to be developed and children should be encouraged to enter a school milk program.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제35권7호
• /
• pp.771-778
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contents of protein, fat, lactose and energy in the human milk and the intake of human milk and those nutrients in breast-fed infants from 16 lactating women in Seoul area during the first 5 months postpartum. Daily human milk intake was determined by test-weighing method and the milk from 16 mothers was analyzed for protein (semimicro Kjeldahl, N $\times$ 6.38), fat (milk checker), lactose (HPLC). Energy was calculated by Atwater and milk factor. The mean intake of human milk to the 5th month of lactation was 668 $\pm$ 186 $m\ell$/day. Mean protein contents of the human milk at 0.5, 12, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum showed 1.48, 1.35, 1.17, 1.11, 1.15 and 1.10 g/100 $m\ell$ respectively. Lipid and lactose contents of the human milk during the first S months postpartum averaged 3.38 g/100 $m\ell$ and 6.79 g/100 $m\ell$. Energy contents at 0.5, 12, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum showed 64.2, 66.1, 68.3, 60.1, 58.9 and 61.2 g/100 $m\ell$ respectively. Protein intake of infants from the human milk was 8.22 g/day which was 54.8% of Korean RDA. Lipid and lactose intake of infants were 23.0 and 45.6 g/day. Energy intake of infants was 422.3 kcal/day which was 84.4% of Korean RDA. Total energy content was almost same value regardless of Atwater or milk factor but the energy ratio was some different. Protein and solid contents decreased the course of lactation but lactose content was less changed. These results suggest that more research were required for the RDA.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.375-382
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the nutrient intake status according to coffee intake among Korean female college students. Two-hundred subjects were asked for their daily coffee intake using a questionnaire. Daily intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated 3-day food records. The mean height and weight of the subjects were 161.6cm and 51.2kg. The mean daily intake of coffee and milk were 0.5 and 0.6 cups, respectively. When nutrient intake was compared to RDA for Koreans, intakes of energy, iron, vitamin A were short of recommendations. The mean intakes of calcium, sodium, vitamin B$_2$ in BMI＜20 group were significantly higher than those in BMI $\geq$20 group. The mean intakes of calcium and phosphorous in no-coffee group were significantly higher than those in $\geq$2 cup-coffee group. The mean intake of beverage and others significantly increased as the level of coffee intake was increased. However, intake of milk and its product decreased. There were significantly negative correlation between coffee and calcium intake, and positive correlation between milk and calcium intake. These results indicate that coffee consumption decreases calcium intake because of decrement of milk and its products. Therefore, it could be suggested that there is increased need for nutritional education on proper eating patterns for female college students.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.361-369
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of children's milk intake at home and school in order to identify the better way to help children's milk intake. For this, 895 elementary students participated in this study through the questionnaire developed by researchers. Conclusions drawn from the results of this study are as follows : 1. Various kinds of milk should be provided for children both at home and school so that they can choose an appropriate milk for themselves. 2. Teachers at school should help children's milk intake not through forcing them but through appropriate educational approach. 3. Milk distribution system and ways of refrigeration of milk in school should be improved. 4. Nutrition education should be implemented for children so that they themselves choose milk as favorite beverage.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.242-250
• /
• 2005

The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 4-month milk consumption in the prevention of osteoporosis in elderly women living in Asan. Subjects included 277 women age over 65 years were divided into control (n=111) and milk (n=166) groups. For those in the milk group, one cup (200ml) of partially lactose-digested low-fat milk was provided everyday for 4 months. Each subject was interviewed to assess food intake by 24-h recall method before and after milk supplementation. Prevalence of osteoporosis was determined by WHO criteria with calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) on left heel. After 4 months, the nutrient intake levels of control did not change while intakes of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous, riboflavin, pyridoxin, niacin and folic acid were significantly increased in milk group. No significant changes were observed in anthropometric, and BMD in both control and milk groups. T-score of milk group, however, was significantly increased after 4 month milk consumption. Prevalence of osteoporosis was increased (27% to 32%) in control group while that of milk group was decreased (32% to 30%). When BMD and t-score changes after 4 months of milk consumption were compared between those with low baseline calcium intake and high calcium intake subjects in the milk group, BMD and t-score were significantly improved in the low baseline calcium intake group. We conclude that one cup a day milk consumption for a relatively short period of 4 months can prevent further bone loss and significantly improve intakes of both macro and micro-nutrients of elderly women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2001

This research was conduced to 1) examine the influence of milk group intake on the dietary, considering dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy, 2) identify which foods truly contribute to the intake of specific nutrients 3) point out the dietary problems of this age group. The subjects were 664(male 357, female 307) healthy toddlers of the ages of 12-36 months, who had neither been taking any medicine-type supplements nor had any diseases that affect the dietary intakes, chosen among the outpatients of university and private hospitals in Seoul and Kyonggi province during Mach-August, 1999. The 24 hour recall method and CAN Pro(food analysis program) were used to analyze the amount of nutrient intake. The grouping of the subjects for the analysis by monthly age was based on the 98 Korean Child growth standard. The results that the milk group intake showed significant negative correlations with the grain group(r=-0.194, p<0.01), the vegetable group(r=-0.115, p<0.01) and the fruit group(r=-0.125, p<0.01). It also showed that the more the milk group intake, the lower the Dietary Diversity Score(r=-0.131, p<0.01), and the more the intake of raw milk, the more dificient the intake of iron(r=-0.211, p<0.01), vitamin A(r=-0.169,p<0.01), vitamin B$_1$(r=-0.078, p<0.05) and vitamin C(r=-0.187, p<0.01). Foods contributory to nutrient intake for of 12-14 months of were mostly infant formula, and the contribution ratio was high. In the age of 15-17 months, the subjects obtained most of the nutrients from raw milk., liquid-type yoghurt, soybean milk, cooked rice, etc. As for iron intake, the age of 21-23 month obtained the most from ionic drinks, and 24-29 months from raw milk, chocolate cakes, ionic drinks, etc. Though the NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) generally tended to increase accordingly with the DDs, as for nutrients Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and vitamin C the NAR marked the highest when the DDS marked the lowest(due to infant formula). And for iron, even when the DDS was 5 the NAR value was low. Im conclusion, the more the milk group intake, the lower was the dietary diversity. High dependency on infant formula and others from milk group over the age of 12 months proved to result in a decrease of nutritious solid food intake, iron deficiency and a low dietary diversity score, which can lead to an unbalanced diet. Therefore, nutrition education towards mothers/caretakers of toddler is of urgent need, in order to reduce the fluid milk group intake of low nutritional density and to provide various solid foods the children. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):30-38, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.363-368
• /
• 1998

Taurine is only supplied to the infants from the breast-fed or formula milks because the enzyme activities of taurine biosynthesis are limited in early stages of infants . The objectives of present study were to quantitate the contents of tarurine in human milk and to estimate the intake of taurine by breast-fed infants during early period of lactation. Thirty -three lactating women, volunteered and delivered in R hospital in Serou. were recruited. Milk samples were collected every day at B1-B5 day(from 1 to 5 day dafter start of milk secretion), 15th and 30th day postpartum. Taurine contents were determined by HPLC equipped with RF-detector. The intake of taurine by infants was estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of taurine was 406$\pm$174nmol/ml at B1-B5 day, and then gradually decreased to 359$\pm$125nmol/ml at 15th day and to 304$\pm$94nmol/ml at 30th day postpartum. The estimated intake of taurine was almost same as 24-25mg/day at B1-B5 day, and 15th , 30th days postpartum . This results was due to the increase of the intake of milk by infants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine if Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables predict soy milk intake in a sample of WIC participants in 2 Illinois counties (n = 380). A cross-sectional survey was used, which examined soy foods intake, behavioral beliefs, subjective norms, motivation, and intention. Soy product intake was low at both sites, and many participants (40%) did not know that soy milk was WIC approved. Most (> 70%) wanted to comply with their health care providers, but didn't know their opinions about soy milk (50-66%). Intention was significantly correlated with intake (0.507, P ${\leq}$ 0.01; 0.308, P ${\leq}$ 0.05). Environmental beliefs (0.282 and 0.410, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) and expectancy beliefs (0.490 and 0.636, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) were correlated with intention. At site 1, 30% of the variance in intention to consume soy milk was explained by expectancy beliefs and subjective norm beliefs (P < 0.0001); at site 2, 40% of the variance in intention was explained by expectancy beliefs. The TPB variables of expectancy beliefs predicted intention to consume soy milk in WIC participants. Therefore, knowing more about the health benefits of soy and how to cook with soy milk would increase WIC participants' intention to consume soy milk. Positive messages about soy milk from health care providers could influence intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제53권5호
• /
• pp.503-517
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 2007-2015년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 아동과 청소년 (6-18세, n = 10,043)에서 연도별 우유 섭취 실태와 우유비섭취군과 우유섭취군의 영영상태를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 흰우유 섭취량은 연도에 따라 감소한 반면 (남자 p = 0.0199, 여자 p < 0.0001, 전체 p < 0.0001), 가공우유 섭취량 (초등학생 p = 0.0304, 전체 p = 0.0419)과 유제품 섭취량 (남자 p = 0.0002, 여자 p < 0.0001, 초등학생 p < 0.0001, 중학생 p < 0.0001, 고등학생 p = 0.0426)은 증가하였다. 그러나 연도별로 우유 및 유제품의 총 섭취량뿐만 아니라, 우유비섭취군과 우유섭취군 비율은 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 학교급별 우유섭취군 비율은 초등학생 59.7%, 중학생 44.7%, 고등학생 35.2%이었으며, 모든 학교급에서 우유섭취군에 남학생이 여학생보다 더 많았다 (p < 0.01). 모든학교급에서우유섭취군의칼슘 (p < 0.001), 인 (p < 0.001), 리보플라빈 (p < 0.001) 섭취량은 우유비섭취군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 모든 학교급에서 우유비섭취군의 영양불량 분율이 유의적으로 높았고, 특히 초등학생에서 이 분율이 가장 높았다. 우유비섭취군의 칼슘부족 분율이 우유섭취군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다 (초등학생 15.7배 [p < 0.001], 중학생 12.1배 [p < 0.001], 고등학생 10.3배 [p < 0.001]). 이상에서 전체 대상자의 흰우유 섭취량이 연도별로 감소하였고, 모든 학교급에서 우유섭취군의 영양소 섭취 및 영양상태가 우유비섭취군보다 유의적으로 좋았다. 따라서 아동과 청소년 시기에 우유를 매일 2컵 이상 섭취할 수 있도록 영양교육을 강화하고, 학교우유급식을 통해 우유 섭취를 증가시킨다면 성장기의 칼슘을 포함하는 영양상태 개선에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.