• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1773-1781
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• 2015

Environmental security is one of the major concerns for the safety of living organisms from a number of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. Different initiatives, legislative actions, as well as scientific and social concerns have been discussed and adopted to control and regulate the threats of environmental pollution, but it still remains a worldwide challenge. Therefore, there is a need for developing certain sensitive, rapid, and selective techniques that can detect and screen the pollutants for effective bioremediation processes. In this perspective, isolated enzymes or biological systems producing enzymes, as whole cells or in immobilized state, can be used as a source for detection, quantification, and degradation or transformation of pollutants to non-polluting compounds to restore the ecological balance. Biosensors are ideal for the detection and measurement of environmental pollution in a reliable, specific, and sensitive way. In this review, the current status of different types of microbial biosensors and mechanisms of detection of various environmental toxicants are discussed.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2007

This aims to review natural products transformed by mimic intestinal metabolisms with microorganisms and hydrolytic enzymes, which exhibit enforced biological activity, higher extraction yield and identification of active components. In the process, transformation to the smaller active compounds with enzymes and microbes mimics the pharmacological action of natural products by intestinal bacteria. In order to establish conditions for the fermentation and enzyme reaction, it is required to choose several natural products for biotransformation and investigate the optimal conditions for the fermentation or the enzyme reaction such as composition, temperature, pH, inoculum, and cultivation time. It is expected an increase of the internal absorption of the active materials without regard to the intestinal microbes or its ability through biosynthesis of the active materials by the microbes and enzymes. And this techniques can be applied to biotransformation of natural products such as sesaminol, resveratrol, 1-deoxy nojirimycin, naringenin, quercetin, and baicalin and to the metabolism study using the animal model.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.3-6
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• 2002

Electron transfer is the major natural process governing the behavior of contaminants in soils and groundwaters. Biological degradation of contaminants, i.e., microbial transformation of hazardous compounds, is a well known irreversible electron transfer process. Although it is not well defined as a separate process, abiotic electron-transfer is also an important process for mobilizing/demobilizing inorganic contaminants in soils and groundwaters. Therefore, numerous remedial technologies have been developed on the basis of electron transfer concept. Among them,

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.109-111
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• 1998

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the metabolism of glucose in Pseudomonas putida BM014 was investigated. Glucose was completely converted to 2-ketogluconate via extracellular oxidative pathway and then taken up for cell growth under the condition of sufficient dissolved oxygen concentration. On the other hand, oxygen limitation below dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) value of 20% of air saturation caused the shift of glucose metabolism from the extracellular oxidative pathway to the intracellular phosphorylative pathway. Specific activities of hexokinase and gluconate kinase in intracellular phosphorylation pathway decreased as the DOT increased, while 2-ketogluconokinase activity in extracellular oxidative pathway increased under the same condition. This result can be usefully applied to microbial transformation of glucose to 2-ketogluconate, the synthetic precursor for iso-vitamine C, with almost 100% yield via extracellular oxidation by simple DOT control.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.445-455
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• 2009

미생물학적 황산염 환원은 황산염을 전자수용체로 이용하는 황산염 환원 박테리아에 의해 황산염이 황화이온으로 변환되는 과정이다. 형성된 황화이온은 주변의 용존 금속 이온과 결합하여 용해도가 낮은 금속 황화물로 침전된다. 이 연구에서는 비소와 중금속으로 오염된 송천 금은광산 일대 토양을 대상으로 하여 토착 박테리아에 의한 황산염 환원을 유도함으로써 독성 원소의 원위치 고정화 기술의 효율성을 평가하였다. 왕수 분해 결과, 대상 토양 내 비소, 구리, 납의 함량은 각각 1,311 mg/kg, 146 mg/kg, 294 mg/kg 등으로 나타나 특히 비소의 오염이 심각한 상태였다. 회분식 실험 결과, 미생물학적 황산염 환원에 의하여 pH 증가, 산화환원전위 감소, 황산염 함량 감소, 비소와 구리 함량 감소 등이 관찰되었다. 이 때 가장 높은 중금속 침전 효율을 유도하는 탄소원과 황산염의 농도 범위는 각각 0.2~0.5%, 100~200 mg/L로 나타났다. 미생물학적 또는 화학적으로 황화물 침전을 유도하게 고안된 컬럼 실험 수행 결과, 비소와 구리는 두 컬럼에서 모두 98% 이상 제거되었다. 그러나 산소를 다량 포함한 용액을 주입한 후, 화학적으로 황화물 침전을 유도한 컬럼에서는 즉각적인 비소와 구리의 재용출 현상이 나타났으나, 미생물학적 황산염 환원을 유도한 컬럼에서는 침전물이 30일 이상 장기간 안정성을 보였다. 미생물학적 컬럼 내에 형성된 검은색 침전물을 분석한 결과 FeS와 CuS로 나타났으며 비소는 대부분 철 황화물에 흡착되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Biological iron redox transformation alters iron minerals, which may act as effective adsorbents for arsenate [As(V)] in the environments. In the viewpoint of alleviating arsenate, microbial Fe(III) reduction was sought under high concentration of As(V). In this study, Fe(III)-reducing bacteria were isolated from the wild plant rhizosphere soils collected at abandoned mine areas, which showed tolerance to high concentration of As(V), in pursuit of potential agents for As(V) bioremediation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial isolation was performed by a series of enrichment, transfer, and dilutions. Among the isolated strains, two strains (JSAR-1 and JSAR-3) with abilities of tolerance to 10 mM As(V) and Fe(III) reduction were selected. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA genesequences indicated the closest members of Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM 5190 and Paenibacillus selenii W126, respectively for JSAR-1 and JSAR-3. Ferric and ferrous iron concentrations were measured by ferrozine assay, and arsenic concentration was analyzed by ICP-AES, suggesting inability of As(V) reduction whereas ability of Fe(III) reduction. CONCLUSION: Fe(III)-reducing bacteria isolated from the enrichments with arsenate and ferric iron were found to be resistant to a high concentration of As(III) at 10 mM. We suppose that those kinds of microorganisms may suggest good application potentials for As(V) bioremediation, since the bacteria can transform Fe while surviving under As-contaminated environments. The isolated Fe(III)-reducing bacterial strains could contribute to transformations of iron minerals which may act as effective adsorbents for arsenate, and therefore contribute to As(V) immobilization

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) is the most important explosive contaminant, both in concentration and in frequency, at military shooting ranges in which green technologies such as phytoremediation or constructed wetlands are the best option for mitigation of explosive compounds discharge to the environment. A study was conducted with two identical lab-scale plug flow constructed wetlands planted with Amur silver grass to treat water artificially contaminated with 40 mg/L of toxic explosive compound, RDX. The reactor was inoculated with or without RDX degrading mixed culture to evaluate plant-microorganism interactions in RDX removal, transformation products distribution, and kinetic constants. RDX and its metabolites in water, plant, and sediment were analyzed by HPLC to determine mass balance and kinetic constants. After 30 days of operation, the reactor reached steady-state at which more than 99% of RDX was removed with or without the mixed culture inoculation. The major transformation product was TNX (Trinitroso-RDX) that comprised approximately 50% in the mass balance of both reactors. It was also the major compound in the plant root and shoot system. Acute toxicity analysis of the water samples showed more than 30% of toxicity reduction in the effluent than that of influent containing 40 mg/L of RDX. In the Amur silver grass mesocosm seeded with the mixed culture, the specific RDX removal rate, that is 1st order removal rate normalized to plant fresh weight, was estimated to be 0.84 kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ which is 16.7% higher than that in the planted only mesocosm. Therefore, the results of this study proved that Amur silver grass is an effective plant for RDX removal in constructed wetlands and the efficiency can be increased even more when applied with RDX degrading microbial consortia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2011

Herbicide-tolerant Zoysia grass has been previously developed through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We investigated the effects of genetically modified (GM) Zoysia grass and the associated herbicide application on bacterial community structure by using culture-independent approaches. To assess the possible horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of transgenic DNA to soil microorganisms, total soil DNAs were amplified by PCR with two primer sets for the bar and hpt genes, which were introduced into the GM Zoysia grass by a callus-type transformation. The transgenic genes were not detected from the total genomic DNAs extracted from 1.5 g of each rhizosphere soils of GM and non-GM Zoysia grasses. The structures and diversities of the bacterial communities in rhizosphere soils of GM and non-GM Zoysia grasses were investigated by constructing 16S rDNA clone libraries. Classifier, provided in the RDP II, assigned 100 clones in the 16S rRNA gene sequences library into 11 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla in both clone libraries were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. The bacterial diversity of the GM clone library was lower than that of the non- GM library. The former contained four phyla, whereas the latter had seven phyla. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to confirm these results. Phylogenetic analyses of the two clone libraries revealed considerable difference from each other. The significance of difference between clone libraries was examined with LIBSHUFF statistics. LIBSHUFF analysis revealed that the two clone libraries differed significantly (P<0.025), suggesting alterations in the composition of the microbial community associated with GM Zoysia grass.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng is a physiologically active plant widely used in traditional medicine that is characterized by the presence of ginsenosides. Rb1, a major ginsenoside, is used as the starting material for producing ginsenoside derivatives with enhanced pharmaceutical potentials through chemical, enzymatic, or microbial transformation. Methods: To investigate the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1, we prepared kimchi originated bacterial strains Leuconostoc mensenteroides WiKim19, Pediococcus pentosaceus WiKim20, Lactobacillus brevis WiKim47, Leuconostoc lactis WiKim48, and Lactobacillus sakei WiKim49 and analyzed bioconversion products using LC-MS/MS mass spectrometer. Results: L. mesenteroides WiKim19 and Pediococcus pentosaceus WiKim20 converted ginsenoside Rb1 into the ginsenoside Rg3 approximately five times more than Lactobacillus brevis WiKim47, Leuconostoc lactis WiKim48, and Lactobacillus sakei WiKim49. L mesenteroides WIKim19 showed positive correlation with b-glucosidase activity and higher transformation ability of ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3 than the other strains whereas, P. pentosaceus WiKim20 showed an elevated production of Rb3 even with lack of b-glucosidase activity but have the highest acidity among the five lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rg5 concentration of five LABs have ranged from ${\sim}2.6{\mu}g/mL$ to $6.5{\mu}g/mL$ and increased in accordance with the incubation periods. Our results indicate that the enzymatic activity along with acidic condition contribute to the production of minor ginsenoside from lactic acid bacteria.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 수 환경 내에서 일어나는 주요 자연분획변환 과정 중 생분해 시 변화하는 용존 유기물질의 특성이 중금속 결합특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 각각 호수와 하천 기원을 대표하는 Pony lake fulvic acid와 Suwannee river fulvic acid를 포함한 다양한 유기물을 대상으로 2주간 배양실험을 하여 변화하는 농도, 성상 및 중금속 구리 결합특성을 조사한 결과 각 시료 내 DOC농도는 감소하고 SUVA 값은 증가하였다. 특히 포도당 및 단백질계 탄소구조 함유비율이 높을수록 미생물에 의한 DOC 농도 분해율은 증가하였다. 포도당과 휴믹물질의 혼합비를 고려한 경우 배양 후 예측되는 혼합액의 DOC 감소율은 실제 측정값과 유사하였다. 그러나 SUVA값은 오히려 더 높게 나타나 생분해성 물질과 휴믹물질이 혼재할 경우 탄소 구조 변화로 인한 휴믹화의 진행이 더 크게 나타날 수 있음을 보였다. Synchronous 형광스펙트럼 결과 배양 후 Pony lake fulvic acid의 경우 휴믹산계 형광특성이, Suwannee river fulvic acid에서는 펄빅산계 형광특성이 크게 증가하였다. 포도당 시료에서는 배양 전 관찰되지 않았던 단백질계와 펄빅산계 형광특성이 관찰되었다. 중금속 구리와의 결합정도를 나타내는 log K 값은 미생물 배양 전과 후 휴믹물질 종류에 따라 변화가 없거나 혹은 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 본 실험 결과는 미생물에 의한 휴믹물질 관련 형광구조의 증가가 중금속 결합력 강화에 영향을 미치지 않거나 오히려 감소시키는 것으로 보인다.