• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1069-1074
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• 2009

This study investigated soil microbial community and growth of Zea mays to compare the toxicity of nano and micro-sized Cu and Zn oxide particles in microcosm system. In the presence of nanoparticles, biomass of Zea mays reduced by 30% compared with micro-sized particles and inhibited growth. Dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by CuO nano although it was increased by ZnO nano particles. According to the Biolog test, the microbial diversity was decreased after exposed to CuO nanoparticles and ZnO microparticles. Therefore, though it is widely recognized that nanoparticles are more harmful than microparticles, we can conclude that the diversity of microbial community does not always influenced by the size of particles of nano and micro.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.827-832
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to scientifically proof possibility of development of natural dye which has antimicrobial activity with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum. For that silk fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum extracts were tested for anti-microbial activity. Bacterials used for test of anti-microbial activity were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes IFO 5466. The results of experiment were as follows ; 1. The more the number of times of dyeing increase the more value of K/S increased. 2. Reduction of bacterium against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 of silk fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum extracts was 99.9% without reference to the number of times of dyeing. 3. Reduction of bacterium against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 of silk fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum extracts was 99.9% after irradiation of 20 hour without reference to the number of times of dyeing. 4. Reduction of bacterium against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 of silk fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum extracts was over 94.8% after dry cleaning. As above silk fabrics dyed with Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum extracts were acquired a high anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 1996

To find pharmacologically active hybrids among the inter-order protoplast fusants of Lentinula edodes and Ginoderma lucidam the antitumor test was performed and the fusant P22 was selected among them. The hot water and alkaline extracts from the cultured mycelia of P22 were purified and separated into four fractions by DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography. When a dose of 20 mg/kg/day of each fractions was injected into ICR mice by i.p., the tumor inhibition ratio of Fr. IV against solid sarcoma 180 was the higher than any other fraction. Fr. IV was a protein-bound polysaccharide which was composed of 69. 12% polysacchafide and 9.76% protein and the molecular weight of Fr. IV was $6.7{\times}10^4$ dalton.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2007

Objectives: This study presents observation of microorganism such as total aerobic bacteria, total fungus, E. coli, Pseudonomas aerugjnosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium in herbal decoction manufactured by Korean medical clinic. Methods: We examined to observe microorganism using the requirements for the experimental methods recommended by FDA. For the identification, we observed microscopic methods and carried out polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA purification. The purified DNA samples were analyzed by DNA sequencer. As compared with NCBI database. the results were identified by sequences similarity. Results and conclusion: 26 (55%) of 46 decoctions observed positive for microbial test. 12 (46 %) of 26 positive decoctions exceed requirement of microbial limit test. These microbial colony identified genus of Bacillus using microscopic and DNA sequencing methods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.854-858
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• 2005

A Lactobacillus isolate was collected from the feces of a healthy Korean individual and named as Lactobacillus ruminus SPM0211. It was further characterized by subjecting it to an antibiotic resistance test and genetic analysis. In the antibiotic resistance test, all tested Lactobacillus spp. were classified as 'high resistance' for multiple antibiotics, such as isoniazid, ethambutol, cycloserine, and vancomycin. L. ruminus SPM0211 was classified as 'high resistance' for streptomycin also, while the other tested Lactobacillus spp. were classified as low resistance. This suggests that the antimicrobial spectra may be a good indicator in the discrimination of this strain among the tested Lactobacillus spp. In a polymerase chain reaction-random amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD) analysis using the Microbial Uniprimer kit, L. ruminus SPM0211, and L. suebicus were clustered as a group with a 74.3% similarity level, suggesting that these two species are genetically related. Thus, our data suggest that the PCR-RADP method using the Microbial Uniprimer kit may be valuable in discriminating L. ruminus SPM0211 from other Lactobacillus spp.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.10-35
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• 2007

Objectives : To investigate the effects of Ohbaesangami (OBSGM) on mucosa and skin diseases, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory tests were performed using several in vitro test models. Results : In anti-microbial test, OBSGM showed the slight inhibitory effect against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In anti-oxidant test, OBSGM showed the potent radical scavenging activity. In anti-inflammatory test, OBSGM weakly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO) release from the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. OBSGM also inhibited the LPS-induced $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. The inhibitory effects of OBSGM on macrophage activation was via the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$, evidenced by transient transfection assay. Furthermore, OBSGM markedly inhibited the activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase in RAW 264.7 cells. In skin wrinkle formation assay, OBSGM strongly inhibited collagnease and elastase, whose activities are tightly related with the wrinkle formation. In addition, OBSGM inhibited the activities of MMP-1, MMP-2 on the mRNA levels in RAW 264.7 cells. However, OBSGM did not show an inhibitory potential on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, indicating that it could not be applicable for skin whitening. Conclusion : These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of OBSGM may be due to its inhibitory potentials on the macrophage activation. And, the anti-wrinkle effects of OBSGM may be due to its inhibitory potential on the collagnease and elastase activities. Therefore, OBSGM could be applicable for the treatment of mucosa and skin diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-848
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• 2012

Orally administered herbal glycosides are metabolized to their hydrophobic compounds by intestinal microflora in the intestine of animals and human, not liver enzymes, and absorbed from the intestine to the blood. Of these metabolites, some, such as quercetin and kaempherol, are mutagenic. The fecal bacterial enzyme fraction (fecalase) of human or animals has been used for measuring the mutagenicity of dietary glycosides. However, the fecalase activity between individuals is significantly different and its preparation is laborious and odious. Therefore, we developed a fecal microbial enzyme mix (FM) usable in the Ames test to remediate the fluctuated reaction system activating natural glycosides to mutagens. We selected, cultured, and mixed 4 bacteria highly producing glycosidase activities based on a cell-free extract of feces (fecalase) from 100 healthy Korean volunteers. When the mutagenicities of rutin and methanol extract of the flos of Sophora japonica L. (SFME), of which the major constituent is rutin, towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, 100, 102, 1,535, and 1,537 were tested using FM and/or S9 mix, these agents were potently mutagenic. These mutagenicities using FM were not significantly different compared with those using Korean fecalase. SFME and rutin were potently mutagenic in the test when these were treated with fecalase or FM in the presence of S9 mix, followed by those treated with S9 mix alone and those with fecalase or FM. Freeze-dried FM was more stable in storage than fecalase. Based on these findings, FM could be usable instead of human fecalase in the Ames test.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.542-550
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• 2019

To detect Escherichia coli from agri-food and production environments, a device based on IoT (internet of things) technology that can check test results in real time on a mobile phone has been developed. The efficiency of the developed device, which combines an incubator equipped with a UV lamp, a high-resolution camera and software to detect E. coli in the field, was evaluated by measuring the device's temperature, detection limit, and detection time. The device showed a difference between its programmed temperature setting and actual temperature of about 1.0℃. In a detection limit test performed with a single-colony inoculation, a color change to yellow and a florescent signal were detected after 12 and 15 h incubations, respectively. The incubation time also decreased along with increasing bacteria levels. When applying the developed method and device to various samples, including utensils, gloves, irrigation water, seeds, and vegetables, detection rates of E. coli using the device were higher than those of the Korean Food Code method. These results show that the developed protocol and device can efficiently detect E. coli from agri-food production environments and vegetables.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2016

Background: Rhizospheric fungi play an essential role in the plantesoil ecosystem, affecting plant growth and health. In this study, we evaluated the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old healthy Panax notoginseng cultivated in Wenshan, China. Methods: Culture-independent Illumina MiSeq and culture-dependent techniques, combining molecular and morphological characteristics, were used to analyze the rhizospheric fungal diversity. A diffusion test was used to challenge the phytopathogens of P. notoginseng. Results: A total of 16,130 paired-end reads of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 were generated and clustered into 860 operational taxonomic units at 97% sequence similarity. All the operational taxonomic units were assigned to five phyla and 79 genera. Zygomycota (46.2%) and Ascomycota (37.8%) were the dominant taxa; Mortierella and unclassified Mortierellales accounted for a large proportion (44.9%) at genus level. The relative abundance of Fusarium and Phoma sequenceswas high, accounting for 12.9% and 5.5%, respectively. In total,113 fungal isolates were isolated from rhizosphere soil. They were assigned to five classes, eight orders (except for an Incertae sedis), 26 genera, and 43 species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Fusarium was the most isolated genus with six species (24 isolates, 21.2%). The abundance of Phoma was also relatively high (8.0%). Thirteen isolates displayed antimicrobial activity against at least one test fungus. Conclusion: Our results suggest that diverse fungi including potential pathogenic ones exist in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old P. notoginseng and that antagonistic isolates may be useful for biological control of pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2008

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of cultivars and compost on soil microbial activities and diversities in a red pepper-grown field. Compost was applied with 0, 30, and 60M/T $ha^{-1}$ in April and then red pepper seedlings of "Yong-go 4" and "Koeun" were transplanted in May 2007. Soil samples were collected in early August 2007. Measurement of microbial activities was based on a dehydrogenase assay and a fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Soil microbial community was characterized with Biolog $EcoPlate^{TM}$ and phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA). Red pepper cultivars did not differentiate the selected soil chemical and microbial properties. Soil pH and soil microbial community changed by amending the soil with 30 and 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost, and the soil organic matter and potassium content, and soil microbial activities increased in soils amended with 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost. Red pepper cultivar induced a little different soil chemical properties and microbial activity in soils amended with 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost even though significant differences were not found in those properties. In conclusion the effects of compost on soil chemical and microbial properties were much higher than red pepper cultivars in short-term period but the effects of red pepper cultivars should be investigated in long-term field test.