• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.4 s.91
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• pp.249-253
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• 2006

This survey study was performed to evaluate the pollution level of playgrounds for children at 49 different sampling sites in Seoul metropolitan. Results were as follows. 1. Soil pH ranged from 6.0 to 9.2. 2. Average concentrations of heavy metals were 0.101 mg/kg of Cd, 4.470 mg/kg of Cu, 0.10 mg/kg of As, 5.35 mg/kg of Pb, 0.017 mg/kg of $Cr^{6+}$ 0.0051 mg/kg of Hg, which were lower than Korean soil precaution level. 3. The SPCs of all areas were below 100, which is 1st grade. In conclusion, the pollution level of playgrounds for children was safe.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

Purpose: Mortality due to trauma is relevant to both low-income and high-income countries. A diversity of causes leads to mortality such as, socioeconomic status and geographic factors. This study sought to differentiate between cases of mortality in a metropolitan city and a rural area, with data from critical trauma patients. Methods: Community-based severe trauma surveillance data from 2018 was used in this study. Logistic regression was conducted to compare the odds ratios between deaths that occurred in a metropolitan city and a rural area. Multiple logistic regression by controlling variables such as type of medical institution and injury severity score was conducted to estimate the effect on the trauma patients. Results: In total, 28,217 participants were selected as total population. We observed that the odds of death decreased as the level of the trauma center increased. Compared to the metropolitan city, the odds ratio of rural areas was 1.44. The odds ratio increased as the injury severity score increased. Conclusion: This study suggests that the mortality of critical trauma patients is higher in rural areas than in metropolitan cities. More studies are needed to expand on this.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.31-44
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• 2022

This study was conducted with the aim of confirming the relevance and effect of the characteristics of the cities and cities in the neighborhood area, focusing on the sale price per square meter of apartment. Specifically, it was intended to determine whether cities in the relevant city and neighborhood area have differential characteristics between the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area, whether industrial characteristics, urban planning and development project characteristics, and location characteristics. Comparing the research results of the city and metropolitan area, it was found that there was a correlation in all areas of population characteristics. Industrial and urban planning projects and development project characteristics sectors are not significant in the city, but they appear significant when analyzed in the urban area of the year. When classifying and analyzing the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area, both the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area were significant in the population sector, and only the distance from Gangnam-gu was significant in the local sector. Since the population is concentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area now, the sale price per square meter of apartments is also concentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area, which is believed to result in such a result. This is judged to be an analysis that appears because the characteristics of the developable status of the metropolitan area and the non-metropolitan area are different. Accordingly, this study shows that the characteristics of neighboring areas as well as the city should be analyzed when analyzing the factors affecting the sale price per square meter of apartment, and suggests that housing market monitoring needs to be carried out together.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.5-18
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• 1995

The aims of this study is to analyzed determinants of work-trip satisfaction degrees in six major metropolitan areas. and to derive urban policy implications. As is well -known, the main determinant of travel satisfaction degree is travel time. However, other factors such as travel mode, psychological factor, and priority in residential location choice are also significant ones. The findings imply that transportation problems are deeply related with housing problems in urban areas. This results provides an evidence of the nature of urban problems, i.e. inter-connectiveness among urban problems. Therefore, this study emphasizes that all urban problems should be treated with careful consideration of other related-urban problems.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 1994

To elucidate the cause of growth decline of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in Seoul, tree density, tree age and physico-chemical properties of soils were investigated at 33 sites of pitch pine forests in metropolitan Seoul, its vicinity and rural areas. The physical properties of soils except for soil texture in Seoul did not differ from those in rural areas. pH values, base saturation, and Ca and Mg contents of soils in Seoul, however, were significantly lower than those in suburbs and rural areas. In contrast, soluble Al and $S0_4^{2-}-S$ contents in Seoul were higher than those in rural areas. Low pH of forest soils in Seoul and suburbs seems to be caused by acid deposition. According to multiple regression analysis, growth of pitch pine in Seoul was affected by several factors in the following order: soil bulk density < Al content of soils < tree density < Mg contents of soil < tree age. We concluded that the acidification of forest soil can be a predisposing factor for the growth decline of pitch pine in metropolitan areas.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.394-407
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• 2016

The spatial air pollution distribution of the Ulsan metropolitan region (UMR) was analyzed using monitoring data and high-resolution numerical simulations. A three-year (2011~2014) analysis for the average concentrations from the 13 air quality monitoring sites in the UMR showed that $SO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ levels in industrial regions were much higher than those in other regions, whereas spatial differences of $NO_2$ and CO concentrations were not significant. In particular, elevated $O_3$ concentrations were clearly found at urban sites near petrochemical complex area. Results from high-resolution simulations by CMAQ model performed for four months of 2012 showed large spatial variations in grid-average pollutant concentrations between industrial areas and other areas in the UMR, which displayed significant changes with wind pattern by season. It was noted that the increases of $SO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ levels were limited in costal industrial areas or over the area nearby the sea in all seasons. Modeled $O_3$ concentrations were quite low in industrial areas and main urban roads with large $NO_x$ emissions. However, the model presented that all pollutant concentrations were significantly increased in the urban residential areas near the industrial complexes in summer season with increase of southerly wind.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.38-52
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• 2024

Digital transformation industry contributes to the improvement of productivity in overall industrial production, the smart green industry for carbon neutrality and sustainable growth is growing as a future industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the status and role of the industry in the future industry innovation ecosystem through the analysis of the growth drivers and location pattern changes of the smart green industry. The industry is on the rise in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, and the growth of the industry can be seen in non-metropolitan and non-urban areas. In particular, due to the smart green industrial complex pilot project, the creation of Gwangju Jeonnam Innovation City, and the promotion of new and renewable energy policies, the emergence of core aggregation areas (HH type) in the coastal areas of Honam and Chungcheongnam-do, and the formation of isolated centers (HL type) in the Gyeongsang region, new and renewable energy production companies are being accumulated in non-metropolitan areas. Therefore, the smart green industry is expected to promote the formation of various specialized spokes in non-urban areas in the future industrial innovation ecosystem that forms a multipolar hub-spoke network structure, where policy factors are the triggers for growth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.105-115
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• 2006

Biotope Area Ratio ($BFF; BiotopFl{\"{a}}chenFaktor$) was developed in Berlin, Germany in 1990s and introduced to Korea in 1999. It is the ratio of the uncovered soil areas which have the natural circulating capability compared to whole development areas. This study seeks for alternative ways to increase Biotope Area Ratio of residential areas in the metropolitan areas of Korea by investigation on new housing developments. The study investigates four new towns including Seoul Eunpyung new town, Yongin Kusung district, Goyang Pungdong and Juyeopdong districts and Hwasung Dongtan district. The Biotope Area Ratio of study sites is between 23.51 % and 40.69%. This result is not relevant to land use conditions, such as the building-ta-land ratio, natural ground green area ratio. This ratio satisfies the minimum requirements of City of Seoul, except 2 sites. Considering that the study sites are relatively low density land use areas compared to Seoul's average, thus, a higher standards is necessary for new town housing complexes. Because Biotope Area Ratio includes artificial ground green area ratio, Biotope Area Ratio is possible can be increased with decreased natural ground green area ratio. And so, when Biotope Area Ratio is applied to new town development, it must go side by side with a definite natural ground green area ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2008

The Purpose of this study is to find the land use condition and housing development of hillside areas in Busan metropolitan city. For this purpose, data of land use in more than meters above the sea level 80m are collected and analysed. The results of this study provide that 44.22% of the area of Busan hold more than meters above the sea level 80m and many aged buildings occupy the hillside areas. Moreover 30.13% of the redevelopment zone in housing redevelopment hold more than meters above the sea level 80m. In consequence, buildings of hillside areas should be maintained and it is necessary to make topographical adaptation plan. Based on these findings this study suggests that introduce the Conjoint Renewal Program.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept, the necessity, and the increase of popularity of multi-habitation, a new life style in which inhabitants in urban areas reside in primarily condominiums during weekdays and retreat to dwellings in rural areas on the weekends. This paper also focuses on finding implication messages from analyzing the demand of multi-habitation in a survey which was conducted for 735 people who live in Seoul and the surrounding metropolitan areas in July 2009. Analysis of literature shows that based on five aspects (population structure, social economy, lifestyle, tourism, and housing market) this dynamic lifestyle, multi-habitation, is believed to be common in South Korea, and may increase in popularity in the near future. The results of the survey illustrate that the respondents show high interest in multi-habitation, and their most preferred locations are the green areas around the Seoul metropolitan area, which are one to two hours away by car. Moreover, regarding the participants' preferences in rural areas they were classified into three groups; those who want to reside in a nature environment, those who want to reside near family and in a close community, and those who want to reside in an environment that has essential facilities and easy accessibility.