• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 2005

Immediately after fertilization, a chromatin remodeling process in the oocyte cytoplasm extracts protamine molecules from the sperm-derived DNA and loads histones onto it. We examined how the histone H3-lysine 9 methylation system is established on the remodeled sperm chromatin in mice. We found that the paternal pronucleus was not stained for dimethylated H3-K9 (H3-$m_2K9$) during pronucleus development, while the maternal genome stained intensively. Such H3-$m_2K9$ asymmetry between the parental pronuclei was independent of $HP1{\beta}$ localization and, much like DNA methylation, was preserved to the two-cell stage when the nucleus appeared to be compartmentalized for H3-$m_2K9$. A conspicuous increase in H3-$m_2K9$ level was observed at the four-cell stage, and then the level was maintained without a visible change up to the blastocyst stage. The behavior of H3-$m_2K9$ was very similar, but not identical, to that of 5-methylcytosine during preimplantation development, suggesting that there is some connection between methylation of histone and of DNA in early mouse development.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.593-598
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• 2007

Amino acids of histone tail are covalently modified in eukaryotic cells. Lysine residues in histone H3 and H4 are methylated at three levels; mono-, di- or trimethylation. Methylation in histones is related with transcription of the genes in distinct pattern depending on lysine residues and methylated levels. Relation between transcription and methylation has been relatively well understood at three lysines H3K4, H3K9 and H3K36. H3K4 is methylated in active or potentially active chromatin and its methylation associates with active transcription. H3K9 is generally methylated in heterochromatin or repressed gene, but trimethylation of this lysine occur in actively transcribed genes also. Methylation at H3K36 generally correlates with active chromatin/transcription, but the correlation of its dimethylation with transcription is controversial. All together methylation patterns of individual lysine residues in histone relate with activation or repression of transcription and may provide distinctive roles in transcriptional regulation of the eukaryotic genes.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2016

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paf1 complex consists of five proteins, and they are structurally and functionally well conserved in yeast, fruit fly, plants, and human. With binding to RNA polymerase II from transcription start site to termination site, Paf1 complex functions as a platform for recruiting many types of transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. Paf1 complex contributes to H2B ubiquitination and indirectly influences on H3K4 di- and tri-methylation by histone crosstalk. But the individual effects of five components in Paf1 complex on these two histone modifications including H2B ubiquitination and H3K4 methylation largely remained to be identified. In this study, we constructed the single-gene knockout mutants of each Paf1 complex component and observed H3K4 mono-, di-, and trimethylation as well as H2B ubiquitination in these mutants. Interestingly, in each ${\Delta}paf1$, ${\Delta}rtf1$, and ${\Delta}ctr9$ strain, we observed the dramatic defect in H3K4 monomethylation, which is independent of H2B ubiquitination, as well as H3K4 di- and trimethylation. However, the protein level of Set1, which is methyltransferase for H3K4, was not changed in these mutants. This suggests that Paf1 complex may directly influence on H3K4 methylation by directly regulating the activity of Set1 or the stability of Set1 complex in an H2B ubiquitination independent manner.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.5 s.174
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• pp.579-585
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• 2005

Cheap and environmental sound biosorbent was made for the adsorption of arsenate using an waste activated sludge. The biosorbents were methylated in 9hours and 24 hours respectively for the better adsorption of arsenate. The amount adsorbed of arsenate(V) increased with increasing methylation time. The specific arsenate adsorption was 0.06mmol As(V)/g biomass when the biosorbent was methylated in 24 hours. The methylated biosorbents were also studied with pH 5, 7 and 9. The pH of the solution affect the amount of adsorption of arsenate of the biosorbent even though it was methylated. The specific arsenate adsorption of the biosorbent at pH 5 was best and it was three times greater than the amount of arsenate adsorbed at pH 9.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2006

SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of zeste, and the Trithorax) domain-containing proteins are known to have methyltransferase activity at lysine residues of histone proteins. In this study, we identified a novel SET domain-containing protein from mouse and named Kodo7. Indeed, Kodo7 has methyltransferase activity at K9 residue of the H3 protein as demonstrated by a histone methyl-transferse activity assay using GST-tagged Kodo7. Confocal microscopy showed that Kodo7 is co-localized with histones in the nucleus. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Kodo7 by transient transfection induced cell death and treatment of the transfectants with a caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-AFC decreased Kodo7-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that Kodo7 induces apoptotic cell death through increased methylation of histones leading to transcriptional repression.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2012

Histone methylation has diverse functions including transcriptional regulation via its lysine or arginine residue methylation. Studies indicate that deregulation of histone methylation is linked to human cancers including leukemia. Histone H3K27 methyltrnasferase response element II binding protein (RE-IIBP), as a transcriptional repressor to target gene IL-5, interacts with HDAC and is over-expressed in leukemia patient samples. In this study, we have identified that hematopoiesis-related genes GATA1 and HOXA9 are down-regulated by RE-IIBP in K562 and 293T cells. Transient reporter analysis revealed that GATA1 transcription was repressed by RE-IIBP. On the other hand, HOXA9 and PBX-related homeobox gene MEIS1 was up-regulated by RE-IIBP. These results suggest that RE-IIBP might have a role in hematopoiesis or leukemogenesis by regulating the transcription of target genes, possibly via its H3K27 methyltransferase activity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.537-538
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• 2017

Hypoxia affects various physiological and pathophyological processes. Hypoxia changes the expression of hypoxia-responsive genes through two main pathways. First, hypoxia activates transcription factors (TF) such as Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF). Second, hypoxia decreases the activity of Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases (JMJDs) that require $O_2$ and ${\alpha}$-Ketoglutarate (${\alpha}$-KG) as substrates. The JMJDs affect gene expression through their regulation of active or repressive histone methylations. Profiling of H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3 under both normoxia and hypoxia identified 75 TFs whose binding motifs were significantly enriched in the methylated regions of the genes. TFs showing similar binding strengths to their target genes might be under the 'metabolic control' which changes histone methylation and gene expression by instant changing catalytic activities of resident histone demethylases.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.164-170
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• 2015

In this study, polysulfone-Escherichia coli biomass composite fiber (PSBF) was prepared by spinning the suspension of PS and E. coli biomass and amine-methylated PSBF (AM-PSBF) was fabricated through the methylation of amine groups in PSBF. As comparing the adsorption characteristics of basic dye, Basic Blue 3 (BB3) by the PSBF and AM-PSBF, the effect of the methylation of amine groups on BB3 adsorption was confirmed. pH edge experiments showed that the BB3 uptake of PSBF and AM-PSBF increased as pH was increased and the BB3 uptake of AM-PSBF was higher than that of PSBF at the same pH. Both of PSBF and AM-PSBF was reached at equilibrium within 5 h and kinetic experimental data were well fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. By the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of PSBF and AM-PSBF at pH 8 were evaluated to be 28.9 and 20.7 mg/g, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of AM-PSBF was enhanced 1.4 times comparing that of PSBF. These results indicate that the methylation of amine groups in PSBF leads to the improvement of BB3 adsorption capacity. In addition, the results of desorption experiments revealed that AM-PSBF was repeatedly reusable.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 2006

Purpose: Methylation of gene regulatory elements plays an important role in gene inactivation without genetic alteration. Gastric cancer is one of the tumors that exhibit a high frequency of CpG island hypermethylation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of CpG island hypermethylation in gastric carcinoma in relation to H. pylori infection, CIMP and clincopathologic variables. Materials and Methods: We investigated the promoter methylation Status of six genes (hMLH1, p16, p14, COX-2, MGMT, E-cadherin) and CIMP in 36 gastric carcinoma tissues as well as in nontumor tissues. CIMP status was investigated by examining the methylation status of MINT 1, 2, 12, 25 and 31. The methylation status of the promoter was examined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and H. pylori infection was examined by histological diagnosis after staining with Warthin-Starry silver. Results: Among the 36 gastric carcinoma tissues, DNA hypermethylation was detected in the following frequencies: 14 (38.9%) for p14, 13 (36.1%) for p16, 8 (22.2%) for MGMT, 10 (27.8%) for COX-2, 21 (58.3%) for E-cadherin, and 6 (16.7%) for hMLH1. The frequencies for MINT1 and MINT25 hypermethylation were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in nontumor tissues. 16 (44.4%) of the 36 gastric carcinoma tissues were positive for the CIMP CIMP-H tumors were associated with older patients and larger tumor size than CIMP-L tumors. We found a significant association between the presence of the CIMP and hypermethylation of p16. Hypermethylation of p16 and MINT2 were significantly different when compared by age. MINT1 gene methylation was significantly associated with H. pylori infection (P=0.004). Conclusion: Our results suggest that aberrant hypermethylation of multiple tumor related genes (hMLH1, p16, p14, COX-2, MGMT, E-cadherin, MINT1, 2, 12, 25, 31) occurs frequently in gastric carcinoma tissues. The hypermethylation of MINT1 was significantly higher in the tumor tissues and was associated with H. pylori infection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.525-531
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• 2008

CDH-13(T-cadherin), which is one of a kind among the 20 cadherins, can be found mainly in wall of aorta, neuron, spleen, blood vessel etc. It is also called H-cadherin. This structural difference can explain that CDH-13 is thought to play a key role in maintaining mutual relation between extra and intra-cellular environment rather than in cell adhesion. The main function of CDH-13 is to participate in blood vessel function. Additionally, it is known to regulate cell growth and cell contact inhibition. When cells are proliferating, cell surface perceives other cells so that substance such as CDH-13 can inhibit their growth or proliferation resulting in homeostasis without endless proliferation or invasion of connective tissue boundaries. However, tumor cell itself appears to be different from normal cells' growth, invasion or transmission. Therefore, it can be diagnosed that these characteristics are closely related to expression of CDH-13 in tumor cells. This study is to investigate expression of CDH-13 in SCC and its correlation with promoter methylation. 20 of tissue species for the study are excised and gathered from 20 patients who are diagnosed as SCC in department of OMS, dental hospital, dankook university. To find development of CDH-13 in each tissue samples, immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR gene analysis and methylation specific PCR are processed. The results are as follows. 1.Immunohistochemical staining: In normal oral squamous epithelial tissue, strong expression of CDH-13 was found in cell plasma membrane of basal cell layer. On the other hand, in case of low-differentiated oral SCC, development of CDH-13 was hardly seen. 2.The development of CDH-13 gene: In 9 of samples, expression of CDH-13 gene could be seen and 2 of them showed low expression compared to the others. And rest of the 11 samples showed no expression of CDH-13 gene. 3.Methylation of CDH-13 gene: Among 9 samples which expressed CDH-13 gene, 7 of them showed unmethylation. In addition, among 11 samples without CDH-13 gene expression, 10 showed methylation. According to the results stated above, promoter methylation were found in 13 samples(65%) among 20 of oral SCC samples. In low-differentiated SCC, suppression of gene expression could be seen accompanying promoter methylation. These phenomenon of gene expression was proved by immunohistochemical investigation. Finally, for development of oral SCC, conclusions can be made that suppression of CDH-13 played a main role and suppression of gene expression was originated from promoter methylation. Considering this, it is expected that suppression of CDH-13 from promoter methylation to be utilized as a good diagnostic marker of oral SCC.