• Title/Summary/Keyword: methane emissions

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Understanding the functionality of the rumen microbiota: searching for better opportunities for rumen microbial manipulation

  • Wenlingli Qi;Ming-Yuan Xue;Ming-Hui Jia;Shuxian Zhang;Qiongxian Yan;Hui-Zeng Sun
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.37 no.2_spc
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    • pp.370-384
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    • 2024
  • Rumen microbiota play a central role in the digestive process of ruminants. Their remarkable ability to break down complex plant fibers and proteins, converting them into essential organic compounds that provide animals with energy and nutrition. Research on rumen microbiota not only contributes to improving animal production performance and enhancing feed utilization efficiency but also holds the potential to reduce methane emissions and environmental impact. Nevertheless, studies on rumen microbiota face numerous challenges, including complexity, difficulties in cultivation, and obstacles in functional analysis. This review provides an overview of microbial species involved in the degradation of macromolecules, the fermentation processes, and methane production in the rumen, all based on cultivation methods. Additionally, the review introduces the applications, advantages, and limitations of emerging omics technologies such as metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics, in investigating the functionality of rumen microbiota. Finally, the article offers a forward-looking perspective on the new horizons and technologies in the field of rumen microbiota functional research. These emerging technologies, with continuous refinement and mutual complementation, have deepened our understanding of rumen microbiota functionality, thereby enabling effective manipulation of the rumen microbial community.

Impacts of Unsystematic Solid Waste Dumping on Soil Properties and Climate Change

  • Benish ZAHRA;Farida BEGUM;Woo-Taeg KWON;Seung-Jun WOO;Min-Jae JUNG
    • Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.31-42
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: Open-air dumping is a significant problem in Gilgit City, with limited research analyzing waste generation and its physicochemical impact on the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of open dumping on soil properties and compare them with a controlled site. Research Design, data, and Methodology: Using ANOVA, the study found significant differences in electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), sand, silt, and clay between the two sites, except for pH. Pearson correlation revealed that pH negatively correlated with EC, sand, and silt, but positively with SOM, SOC, and clay. The control site's mean EC was 6.06 mS/m, whereas the dumping site recorded 8.5 mS/m. EC is inversely related to SOM, SOC, silt, and clay, but directly to sand. SOC and SOM values varied significantly, with notable differences in soil texture components like clay and silt. Results: The research highlights the detrimental effects of unsystematic waste dumping on soil health and its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane, which exacerbates climate change. Conclusion: The study concluded that waste deposition and decomposition significantly impact EC, SOM, SOC, and soil texture, though pH remains unchanged. The unsystematic dumping of solid waste contributes to climate change through methane production, a potent greenhouse gas. To mitigate these impacts, the study recommends regular monitoring, waste prevention, recycling strategies, and continuous training for stakeholders to achieve sustainable development.

A Study on Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Regional Governments (A Case Study of Jeonbuk Province) (지자체 온실가스 인벤토리 구축연구 - 전라북도 사례)

  • Jang, Nam-Jung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.31 no.7
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    • pp.565-572
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    • 2009
  • Greenhouse gas(GHG) inventories and basic strategies for Jeonbuk regional government were established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The method to construct GHG inventories of Jeonbuk followed the 'Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines'which was used for the 'Third National Communication of the Republic of Korea under UNFCCC'. Korean government could use primary energy consumption for the energy industries section in the national GHG inventories. However, regional governments should use secondary energy consumption (included electricity consumption) for the energy industries section for their GHG inventories because they could not control the emission of energy transformation section. In the result of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emissions from fuel combustion covered 87.1% of total emissions. Methane($CH_4$), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) from other sections, nitrous oxide($N_2O$) and F-gas(HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) accounted for 8.1, 2.2, 1.6 and 1.0% of total emissions, respectively. The sectional emission decreased in the order of the energy(88.0%), agriculture(7.6%), waste(2.3%) and industrial processes(2.1%) section. The energy industries section that contained electricity consumption was the most dominant emission source in the energy section. F-gas consumption, rice cultivation and waste incineration were main emission sources in the industrial processes, agriculture and waste section, respectively. In this study, basic directions of each section were established by the results of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006.

Effects of Livestock Compost and Soil Conditioner Application on Greenhouse Gases Emission in Paddy Soil (가축분퇴비 및 토양개량제 처리가 온난화 가스 배출에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Kyeong-Bo;Kim, Jong-Gu;Shin, Yong-Kwang;Lee, Deog-Bae;Lee, Sang-Bok;Kim, Jae-Duk
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.117-122
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    • 2005
  • To find out reducing way of methane emission from a paddy field monitoring on the greenhouse gases emissions were carried out in the paddy soil with livestock compost and soil conditioner. The seasonal variations of methane emission were high at 36 days and 86 days after rice transplanting, on the other hand those of nitrous oxide emission were high at 64 days after that day. Methane emission by cow compost application, pig compost application and chicken compost application were 331, 282 and 294 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Otherwise, nitrous oxide emissions by cow compost application, pig compost application and chicken compost application were 1.60, 1.78 and 1.78 kg $ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total emission rate of greenhouse gases equivalent to $CO_2$ emission rate (GWP) was 7,447 kg $ha^{-1}$ in cow compost application, 6,474 kg $ha^{-1}$ in pig compost application and 6,726 kg $ha^{-1}$ in chicken compost application. Methane emission by Ca, $SiO_2$ and artificial zeolite application were 373, 264, 239 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. The total emission rate of greenhouse gases equivalent to $CO_2$ emission rate (GWP) was 8,295 kg $ha^{-1}$ in Ca application 5,978 kg $ha^{-1}$ in $SiO_2$ application and 5,447 kg $ha^{-1}$ in artificial zeolite application.

Environmental Degradation Index for the Reduction of Packing Wastes (포장 폐기물 감량을 위한 환경저해지수 제안)

  • Hong, Ho-jin;Cho, Hyun-min;Choi, Seong-Hoon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.26-33
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    • 2020
  • The plastic waste problem is deepening all over the world. Plastic wastes have serious impacts on our lives as well as environ- mental pollution. The production and use of plastics increases every year, but once they are produced, they usually roam the earth for hundreds or thousands of years to pollute the environment. Although there is growing interest in plastic issues around the world and environmental regulations are being tightened, but no clear solution has yet been found. This study suggests Environmental degradation index (EDI). EDI can help raise consumers' attention to plastic wastes. In addition, EDI will contribute to reduce them in the future. As far as we know, this is the first study. We developed EDI for the confectionery packaging. This study defines four factors that may affect the environment of confectionery packaging: greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, methane emissions, and packaging space ratio. Then we quantify the value of each element and compute EDI as the sum of the four component values. In order to evaluate the feasibility of EDI proposed in this study, confectionery-packaging materials distributed in Korea were collected and analyzed. First, the types of confectionery are classified into pies, biscuits, and snacks and basic data was collected. Then the values of the four components were calculated using existing research data on the environment. We can use the proposed EDI to determine how much a product packing affects the environment.

Characteristics of Combustion and Emission for Synthetic Natural Gas in CNG Engine (CNG엔진에서 합성가스 연료의 연소 및 배기 특성 평가)

  • Lee, Sungwon;Lim, Gihun;Park, Cheolwoong;Choi, Young;Kim, Changgi
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.8-14
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    • 2015
  • Synthetic natural gas(SNG), acquired from coal, is regarded as an alternative to natural gas since a rise in natural gas due to high oil price can be coped with it. In the present study, 11-liter heavy duty compressed natural gas(CNG) engine was employed in order to examine the combustion and emission characteristics of SNG. The simulated SNG, made up 90.95% of methane, 6.05% propane and 3% hydrogen was used in the experiment. Power output, thermal efficiency, combustion stability and emission characteristics were compared to those with CNG at the same engine operating conditions. Knocking phenomenon was also analyzed at 1260 rpm, full load condition. Combustion with SNG was more stable than CNG. Nitrogen oxides emissions increased while Carbon dioxides emissions decreased. Anti-knocking characteristics were improved with SNG.

Studies of Short-Term Variability of Methane in the Moo-Ahn Observatory Site in Korea (무안지역 메탄가스의 단주기적 농도변화에 대한 평가)

  • Choi, Gyoo-Hoon;Youn, Yong-Hoon;Kim, Chang-Hee;Cho, Young-Min;Kim, Ki-Hyeon
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.327-338
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    • 2001
  • In this study, the short-term variability of methane concentrations were investigated over 24-hr scale. The data obtained form the Moo-Ahn (MAN) station located in the western coastal area of Korea were analyzed from various respects to describe its distribution characteristics over short term scale. The MAN data were compared with those obtained from the two major background observatory sites: Point Barrow (Alaska) and Mauna Loa (Hawaii). The mean concentration of methane for the whole study period, when computed using the daily mean values, was found to be 1898${\pm}$85.3ppb (N=812). The mean values for the two comparable sites were observed to be 1832${\pm}$29.6ppb (N=823) for Point Barrow and 1745${\pm}$14.8ppb (N=818) for Mauna Loa. According to the analysis of frequency distribution. the mode value for the MAN area is found to be 1900ppb, but the mean concentration for Point Barrow and Mauna Loa are shown to have relatively low values of 1850 and 1750ppb, respectively. When examined over diurnal scale, the CH$_4$data for the MAN area exhibit a rather consistent trend; CH$_4$level is low during the daytime (after 6:00 A.M) and rises during the nighttime. The findings of the generally enhanced methane concentration in the MAN station may be explained form various respects. One of the most important reasons is that the MAN area is under the influence of various source processes relative to all the other stations under consideration. The short-term distribution patterns for the MAN station are hence characterized not only by the high methane concentration but also by the high oscillation in its CH$_4$concentration level.

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Effects of Nitrate-rich Plant Extracts on the in vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production (질산염 화합물 함유 식물 추출물이 in vitro 반추위 발효성상과 메탄 발생에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Shin Ja;Lee, Su Kyoung;Kim, Min Sung;Lee, Sung Sill
    • Journal of agriculture & life science
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.95-105
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrate-rich plants extracts on the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen methane production. The extracts of nitrate-rich plants, as potato, carrot, chinese cabbage, lettuce and spinach were used in this study. The ruminal fluid was collected from a cannulated Hanwoo cow fed concentrate and timothy in the ratio of 6 to 4. The 20mL of mixture, comparing McDougall's buffer and rumen fluid in the ratio 2 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically 50mL serum bottles containing 0.3g of timothy substrate and extracts of nitrogen-rich plants. The serum bottles were incubated 39℃ for 9, 12, 24, 48 hours. The pH value was decreased by increased incubation times and normal range to 6.31 to 6.96. The dry matter digestibility was significantly(p<0.05) lower in chinese cabbage than in control at 9h incubation time. Ammonia concentration was significantly(p<0.05) lower in potato, chinese cabbage, lettuce than in control and the rumen microbial growth rate was significantly(p<0.05) higher in carrot than in control at 24h incubation time. The concentrations of acetate and propionate was significantly(p<0.05) lower in treatment than in control. The concentration of butyrate was showed a different pattern depending on treatments. Total gas emissions was significantly(p<0.05) lower in chinese cabbage, lettuce, spinach than in control at 12h, 24h incubation time. Methane production was significantly(p<0.05) lower in potato, chinese cabbage, spinach than in control, carbon dioxide production was significantly(p<0.05) lower in treatment than in control. In conclusion, supplementation of the nitrate-rich plant extracts in ruminal fermentation in vitro resulted in decreasing the methane production without adversely affecting the fermentation characteristics. Particularly the chinese cabbage extract was regard as a potential candidate for reducing the methane emission in ruminants.

Analysis of research trends in methane emissions from rice paddies in Korea

  • Choi, Eun-Jung;Lee, Jae-Han;Jeong, Hyun-Cheol;Kim, Su-Hun;Lim, Ji-Sun;Lee, Dong-Kyu;Oh, Taek-Keun
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.463-476
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    • 2017
  • Climate change is considered as the greatest threat to our future and descendants. The Korean government has set a target for 2030 to reduce emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 37% from the business-as-usual levels which are projected to reach 851 million metric tons of $CO_2eq$ (Carbon dioxide equivalent). In Korea, GHGs emission from agriculture account for almost 3.1% of the total of anthropogenic GHGs. The GHGs emitted from agricultural land are largely classified into three types: carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), methane ($CH_4$), and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$). In Korea, rice paddies are one of the largest agricultural $CH_4$ sources. In order to analyze domestic research trends related to $CH_4$ emission from rice paddies, 93 academic publications including peer reviewed journals, books, working papers, reports, etc., published from 1995 to September 2017, were critically reviewed. The results were classified according to the research purposes. $CH_4$ characteristics and assessment were found to account for approximately 65.9% of the research trends, development of $CH_4$ emission factors for 9.5%, $CH_4$ emission reduction technology for 14.8%, and $CH_4$ emission modeling for 6.3%, etc. A number of research related to $CH_4$ emission characteristics and assessment have been studied in recent years, whereas further study on $CH_4$ emission factors are required to determine an accurate country-specific GHG emission from rice paddies. Future research should be directed toward both studies for reducing the release of $CH_4$ from rice paddies to the atmosphere and the understanding of the major controlling factors affecting $CH_4$ emission.

Effect of By-Product Gypsum Fertilizer on Methane Gas Emissions and Rice Productivity in Paddy Field

  • Park, Jun-Hong;Sonn, Yeon-Kyu;Kong, Myung-Suk;Zhang, Yong-Seon;Park, Sang-Jo;Won, Jong-Gun;Lee, Suk-Hee;Seo, Dong-Hwan;Park, So-Deuk;Kim, Jang-Eok
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.30-35
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    • 2016
  • Rice cultivation in paddy field affects the global balance of methane ($CH_4$) as a key greenhouse gas. To evaluate a potential use of by-product gypsum fertilizer (BGF) in reducing $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil, $CH_4$ fluxes from a paddy soil applied with BGF different levels (0, 2, 4 and $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were investigated by closed-chamber method during rice cultivation period. $CH_4$ flux significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of BGF application. $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition in soil reduced $CH_4$ flux by 60.6% compared to control. Decreased soil redox potential (Eh) resulted in increasing $CH_4$ emission through a $CO_2$ reduction reaction. The concentrations of dissolved calcium (Ca) and sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$) in soil pore water were significantly increased as the application rate of BGF increased and showed negatively correlations with $CH_4$ flux. Decreased $CH_4$ flux with BGF application implied that ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion led to decreases in electron availability for methanogen and precipitation reaction of Ca ion with inorganic carbon including carbonate and bicarbonate as a source of $CH_4$ formation under anoxic condition. BGF application also increased rice grain yield by 16% at $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition. Therefore, our results suggest that BGF application can be a good soil management practice to reduce $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil and to increase rice yield.