• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.40-44
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• 2005

초산, 질산 및 인산이 함유된 폐혼산에서 초산과 질산을 1차 분리하고 남은 조인산으로부터 에칭액의 원료로 재활용하기 위하여 용매추출 기술을 적용하였다. 알루미늄 및 몰리브덴 불순물이 함유된 조인산을 인산염계 추출제를 이용하여 인산을 추출한 후, 세정공정과 탈거공정을 거쳐 알루미늄과 몰리브덴을 분리하기 위한 최적 분리 조건을 도출하고자 하였다. 실험 결과 추출공정과 세정공정, 그리고 탈거공정을 통하여 알루미늄 및 몰리브덴의 함량을 1 ppm이하로 분리 제거하여 정제 인산으로 회수할 수 있었다.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2014

Mg-Sn nanoparticles were prepared by an arc-discharge method in a mixture atmosphere of argon and hydrogen gases. Phases, morphologies, and microstructures of the nanoparticles were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It was found that the intermetallic compound of $Mg_2Sn$ was generated and coexisted with metallic phases of Mg and Sn within nanoparticles. Basedon the model cell, the electrochemical properties were also explored by discharge-charge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The initial capacity of the first cycle reached 430 mAh/g. Two visible plateaus at 0.2-0.3 and 0.5-0.75V were observed in the potential profiles, which can attributed to alloying/de-alloying reactions between Li and Mg2Sn, respectively.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.348-351
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• 2006

Bipolar plate, which forms about 50% of the stack cost, is an important core part with polymer electrolyte membrane in PEMFC. Bipolar plates have been commonly fabricated from graphite meterial having high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Lately, many researchers have concentrated their efforts on the development of metallic bipolar plate and stainless steel has been considered as a potential material for metallic bipolar plate because of its high strength, chemical stability, low gas permeability and applicability to mass production. However, it has been reported that its inadequate corrosion behavior under PEMFC environment lead to a deterioration of membrane by dissolved metal ions and an increase in contact resistance by the growth of passive film therefore, its corrosion resistance as well as contact resistance must be improved for bipolar plate application. In this work, several types of coating were applied to 316L and their electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance were evaluated In the simulated PEMFC environment. Application of coating gave rise to low interfacial contact resistances below $19m{\Omega}cm^2$ under the compress force of $150N/cm^2$. It also made the corrosion potential to shift in the posit ive direct ion by 0.3V or above and decreased the corrosion current from ca. $9{\mu}A/cm^2$ to ca. $0.5{\mu}A/cm^2$ in the mixed solution of $0.1N\;N_2SO_4$ and 2ppm HF A coat ing layer under potentiostatic control of 0.6V and $0.75V_{SCE}$ for 500 hours or longer showed some instabilities, however, no significant change in coat Ing layer were observed from Impedance data. In addition, the corrosion current maintained less than $1{\mu}A/cm^2$ for most of time for potentiostatic tests. It indicates that high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance can be obtained by application of coatings in the present work.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.16-19
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• 2006

$2-\mu{m}$ thick GaN epilayer was prepared, and 80 KeV $Co^{-}$ ions with a dose of $3X10^{16}\;cm^{-2}$ were implanted into GaN at $350^{\circ}C$. The implanted samples were post annealed at $700^{\circ}C$. We have investigated the magnetic and structural properties of Co ion-implanted GaN by various measurements. HRXRD results did not show any peaks associated with second phase formation and only the diffraction from the GaN layer and substrate structure were observed. SIMS profiles of Co implanted into GaN before and after annealing at $700^{\circ}C$ have shown a projected range of $\sim390\AA$ with 7.4% concentration and that there is little movement in Co. AFM measurement shows the form of surface craters for $700^{\circ}C$-annealed samples. The magnetization curve and temperature dependence of magnetization taken in zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) conditions showed the features of superparamagnetic system in film. XPS measurement showed the metallic Co 2p core levels spectra for $700^{\circ}C$-annealed samples. From this, it could be explained that magnetic property of our films originated from Co magnetic clusters.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2005

Two kinds of physical treatments were examined for the analysis both of intrinsic surface and interior nature of CuInS $e_2$[CIS] and CuGaS $e_2$[CGS] films grown in separated systems. For the first method, a selenium protection layer which was immediately deposited after the growth of the CIS was investigated. The Se cap layer protects CISe surface from oxidation and contamination during the transport under ambient atmosphere. The Se cap was removed by thermal annealing at temperature above 15$0^{\circ}C$. After the decapping treatment at 2$25^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, ultraviolet photoemission and inverse photoemission measurements of the CIS film showed that its valence band maximum(VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are located at 0.58 eV below and 0.52 eV above the Fermi level $E_{F}$, respectively. For the second treatment, an Ar ion beam etching was exploited. The etching with ion kinetic energy $E_{k}$ above 500 eV resulted in broadening of photoemission spectra of core signals and occasional development of metallic feature around $E_{F}$. These degradations were successfully suppressed by decreasing $E_{k}$ below 400 eV. CGS films etched with the beam of $E_{k}$ = 400 eV showed a band gap of 1.7 eV where $E_{F}$ was almost centered.st centered.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2010

According to the bipolar model, ion selectivity of some species in the passive film is important factor to control the passivation. An increase of cation selectivity of outer layer of the passive film can stabilize the film and improves the corrosion resistance. Therefore, the formation and roles of ionic species in the passive film should be elucidated. In this work, two types of solution (hydrochloric or sulfuric acid) were used to test high N and Mo-bearing stainless steels. The objective of this work was to investigate the formation of oxyanions in the passive film and the roles of oxyanions in passivation of stainless steel. Nitrogen exists as atomic nitrogen, nitric oxide, nitro-oxyanions (${NO_x}^-$), and N-H species, not nitride in the passive film. Because of its high mobility, the enriched atomic nitrogen can act as a reservoir. The formation of N-H species buffers the film pH and facilitates the formation of oxyanions in the film. ${NO_x}^-$ species improve the cation selectivity of the film, increasing the oxide content and film density. ${NO_x}^-$ acts similar to a strong inhibitor both in the passive film and at active sites. This facilitates the formation of chromium oxide. Also, ${NO_x}^-$ can make more molybdate and nitric oxide by reacting with Mo. The role of Mo addition on the passivation characteristics of stainless steel may differ with the test environment. Mo exists as metallic molybdenum, molybdenum oxide, and molybdate and the latter facilitates the oxide formation. When nitrogen and molybdenum coexist in stainless steel, corrosion resistance in chloride solutions is drastically increased. This synergistic effect of N and Mo in a chloride solution is mainly due to the formation of nitro-oxyanions and molybdate ion. Oxyanions can be formed by a 'solid state reaction' in the passive film, resulting in the formation of more molybdate and nitric oxide. These oxyanions improve the cation selectivity of the outer layer and form more oxide and increase the amount of chromium oxide and the ratio of $Cr_2O_3/Cr(OH)_3$ and make the film stable and dense.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.232-237
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• 1989

$NH_4^+,\;Zn^{2+}$ 및 $Al^{3+}$ 를 retining이온으로 치환시킨 양이온 교환수지관에 희토류를 직접 흡착시키거나 EDTA와 착물을 만들어 흡착시킨 후 0.0269M EDTA로 용리하여 각 분액에 포함된 화학종을 분석하여 이온교환 mechanism을 규명하였다. $Zn^{2+}$나 $Al^{3+}$으로 치환된 수지층에 희토류-EDTA 착물을 흡착시키면 retaining 이온과 EDTA가 착물을 형성하고 유리된 희토류가 수지에 흡착된 후 용리액인 EDTA 용액을 가하면 수지에 흡착되었던 희토류가 EDTA와 착물을 이루어 교환반응을 통해 용리된다. $NH_4^+$형 수지관에 희토류-EDTA 착물을 가하면 retaining 이온인 $NH_4^+$가 EDTA와 착물을 형성하지 못하므로 음의 전하를 띤 희토류-EDTA 화학종이 수지에 흡착되지 못하고 40ml이내에서 유출되었다. $Zn^{2+}$과 $Al^{3+}$형 수지관에 희토류 이온을 흡착시키면 희토류는 수지에 흡착되고 $Zn^{2+}$과 $Al^{3+}$이 유리된다.수지에 흡착된 희토류는 용리액인 EDTA용액과 반응하여 희토류-EDTA 착물을 이루어 교환반응을 하며 용리된다. $NH_4^+$형 수지관에 희토류 이온을 흡착시키면 희토류가 $NH_4^+$와 치환되어 흡착되어 EDTA를 가하면 희토류-EDTA 착물이 형성되어 교환반응 없이 그대로 유출되어 희토류가 빨리 용출된다. 이때에는 희토류 이외의 금속이 용출되지 않기 때문에 희토류의 분리에 대단히 유리하다. $Zn^{2+}$과 $Al^{3+}$으로 치환시킨 수지에서는 각 용출액의 pH는 용리액의 pH에 비해 대단히 감소하였다. 그 이유는 금속이온이 EDTA와 착물을 이룰때 EDTA에서 수소이온이 유리되기 때문이었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.167.1-167.1
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• 2016

The interaction between adsorbed water and hydrogen on metallic surfaces is important for fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis and electrode surface reactions in acidic environment. Here, we explore a long-standing question of whether hydronium ion can exist or not on a Pt surface coadsorbed with atomic hydrogen and water. Studies based on mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy show clear evidence that hydrogen atoms are converted into hydrated protons on a Pt(111) surface. The preferential structures of hydrated protons are identified as multiply hydrated $H_5O_2{^+}$ and $H_7O_3{^+}$ species rather than as hydronium ions. The multiply hydrated protons may be regarded as two dimensional zundel ($H_5O_2{^+}$) and Eigen cation ($H_7O_3{^+}$) in water-metal interface. These surface-bound hydrated protons may be key surface intermediates of the electrochemical interconversion between adsorbed hydrogen atoms and solvated protons.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집C
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• pp.498-501
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• 2001

Blanking is one of the most frequently used processes in sheet metal forming. In this paper, attention is paid to the blanking simulation of aluminium foil with $20{\mu}m$ thickness which is used an anode in lithium-ion polymer battery. In order to study the shearing mechanism for the metallic foil, finite element analysis with Crockroft and Latham fracture criterion was performed. The objective of the present work is to evolve a methodology to obtain the optimum punch-die clearance for a given aluminium foil by the simulation of the blanking process using a general purpose FEM code.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.356-359
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• 2005

Ionic-polymer-metal-composite(IPMC), one of new actuation materials of electroactive polymers plated with noble metallic electrodes is known for the fast bending upon electric field. The IPMC strip bends towards anode under electrical field. It has many merits of low driving voltage, quick responsiveness, high durability, possibility of miniaturizability. In this paper, we studied for developing the large deflection of IPMC according several fabricating parameters. We measured the large deflection by the different process of sandpaper and sandblasting in surface treatment, the initial compositing process and the surface electroding process, and the different counter ions in ion exchanging process. In fundamental, the displacement of IPMC strip depends on voltage magnitude and applied signal frequency and its maximum deformation is observed at a critical frequency, resonant frequency.