• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.222-226
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• 2000

In disease surveys from 1986 ti 1998, disease incidence of tobacco black shank was gradually increased in burley tobacco from 1996. To study the causes of the disease occurrence, one hundred and fourteen isolates of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Ppn) were collected from burley tobacco-growing areas in the southern part of Korea during 1996-1997, and tested in vitro for meatlaxyl sensitivity which was determined by measuring the mycelial growth on corn meal agar (CMA) amended with metalaxyl. Of the tested isolates, 78.1% showed sensitive to metalaxyl, having $\textrm{ED}_{50}$ values less than 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}/$\textrm{ml}, while 1.7% was resistant weth $\textrm{ED}_{50}$ greater than 100 $\mu\textrm{g}/$\textrm{ml}. Ppn isolates from three provinces, Chungnam, Chonbuk and Chonnam showed similar distributions of metalaxyl sensitivity. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates were not significantly different from metalaxyl-sensitive ones in mycelial growth rate, chlamydospore formation capacity and size of the spore, and pathogenicity on tobacco plant (cv. Burley 21). These results suggest that the metalaxyl-resistant Ppn in burley tobacco may be one of the major factors to cause the higher occurrence of the tobacco black shank in the burley tobacco-growing area.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2009

Isolation frequency of resistant isolates of Phytophthora capsici to metalaxyl was reported to be 38.9% through the resistance monitoring for metalaxyl in P. capsici causing pepper Phytophthora blight. Metalaxyl was very effective to mycelium growth, while not to zoosporangium germination and zoospore release. $EC_{50}$ values of metalaxyl in the inhibition of mycelium growth were 0.204, 0.151, 0.379, and $0.215\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ against each isolate sensitive to the fungicide as P. capsici 06-119, 06-143, P08-7, and P08-31, respectively, whilst those were 5.242, 5.724, 6.621, and $5.377\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ in P. capsici 06-125, 06-155, P08-50, and P08-60. For the field fitness, several factors, which were mycelium growth, zoosporangium germination, zoospore release, virulence to pepper plants, and the zoosporangium and the oospore production, were investigated with 4 sensitive isolates and 4 resistant isolates. Between 2 groups differentiated by the sensitivity of metalaxyl, there was no significance in mycelium growth, zoosporangium germination, zoospore release, and virulence to pepper plants. However, the zoosporangium and the oospore production in each resistant isolate, which were related to survival of P. capsici in fields, were superior to those of sensitive isolates. Based on results of this study, it was suggested that the increase of the percentage of resistant isolates to metalaxyl resulted from the high capacities of the zoosporangium and the oospore production.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.311-315
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• 2009

Potassium phosphonate inhibited less mycelial growth of Phytophthora cactorum in vitro than metalaxyl-M. But the net protection rate in leaflet test and whole plant pot test was greater in potassium phosphonate than metalaxyl-M. P. ginseng appeared to have an induced resistance against P. cactorum with phosphonate around 50~100 ppm.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2003

A total of 24 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were tested and analyzed for their resistance to metalaxyl fungicides. Sensitivity to metalaxyl was determined by growing isolates on 20% V8 medium amended with 0, 5, and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ metalaxyl. Four isolates among the 24 tested were resistant to metalaxyl. Eleven isolates were intermediate and nine isolates were sensitive. Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) assay was used to identify the amplification products of resistant isolates. As a result, selected fragments were cloned, sequences and primer pairs were developed which linked to metalaxyl insensitivity in P. infestans using competitive PCR.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2000

Isolates of Phytophthora infestans obtained from several locations of Kangwon area in 1998 and 1999 were examined on mating types and sensitivity to metalaxyl. Both A1 and A2 mating type isolates were isolated in 1998 and 1999. The majority of the P. infestans isolates were A1 mating type. About 64.3% of the isolates collected in 1998 and 99.1% in 1999 were determined as A1 mating type. Sensitivity of the P. infestans to metalaxyl was examined by measuring mycelial growth on V8 juice agar amended with $10{\mu}g/mL$ matalaxyl. About 44.6% of the isolates examined in 1988 were resistant to metalaxyl, 55.4% of the isolates were intermediate resistant, but sensitive isolate was not isolated. However, 10.5% of the isolates examined in 1999 were sensitive, 88.6% of the isolates were intermediate resistant, and 0.9% of the isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. This studies indicate that A1 mating type is displacing A2 mating type and metalaxyl sensitivity of the P. infestans isolates of Kangwon area is increasing. This result is quite different from trends of early in 1990s.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2003

Changes of control effect of metalaxyl to potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans were examined in potato fields in 2001 and 2002. Control efficacy of metalaxyl was similar to those of dimethomorph and ethaboxam. About 4.9% of the fungal isolates exanlined in 2001 were resistant, 87.8% were intermediate, and 7.3% were sensitive to metalaxyl. Among the isolates collected in 2002, 20.1 % were resistant, 75.5% were intermediate, and 4.3% were sensitive to the chemical. However, most of resistant isolates were isolated from Pyongchanggun Hoenggae area. Eighty eight isolates collected in 2001 were all A1 mating type, while both A1 and A2 mating types were found in 2002. About 85.6% of the isolates collected in 2002 were A1 mating type, but all the rest (A2 mating type) was isolated from Hoenggae area. Increased control efficacy of metalaxyl to potato late blight might be caused by the increase of moderately resistant and sensitive isolates with decreasing the resistant isolate, and the decreased population of A2 mating type which is resistant to metalaxyl.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2003

Metalaxyl sensitivity related with distribution feature of mating type was characterized far Phytophthora capsici population, totally 433 isolates of the red-pepper pathogen collected from 75 pepper fields in Korea from 1995 to 1998. At the concentration of metalaxyl $2{\mu}g/ml$, inhibition rate of mycelial growth of P. capsici isolates was 68.2% in average compared to control, and 28.6% isolates in average were estimated as resistance to the chemical. Isolates of field unit with a single mating type revealed similar level of sensitivity to metalaxyl and showed sensitive or resistant in most field units. However, isolates of field units with both mating types revealed diverse sensitivity level to the chemical and various occurrence ratio of metalaxyl sensitive : resistant in each field unit. Results indicated that different levels of metalaxyl sensitivity of P. capsici population in Korea seem to be closely related with occurrence ratio of A1 : A2 mating type of each field.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.42-44
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• 2002

A very destructive lily disease was occurred at Daekwallyong alpine areas in 1999. We have performed experiments to identify the causal pathogen of lily disease and to find a way to control the disease chemically. Twelve fungal isolates from the infected lily were identified as Phytophthora cactorum. Mycelial growth of all isolates were completely inhibited on potato dextrose agar with $10{\mu}g/mL$ metalaxyl. Among 11 fungicides tested, $10{\mu}g/mL$ of dimethomorph, ethaboxam, and oxadixyl inhibited mycelial growth of P. cactorum. PC-1. Therefore, spray of phenylamide fungicides such as metalaxyl and other commercial fungicides should be a effective way to control the Phytophthora blight of lily.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.49.3-49
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1998

The effects of metalaxyl(granule), carbofuran(granule) and simazine(water soluble powder) on the soil microflora were conducted at field soil between Iksan and Chonju province. Pesticides were divided into 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 times of normal of field, respectively. The number of fluorescent Pseudomonas was ranged from $10^3$ to $10^6/g$ in both field soil treated with cabofuran. Pseudomonas concentration of Chonju field soil slowly increased and approached the maximum level at 56 day after treatment(DAT). It showed the higher at 14DAT than other DAT in Iksan field soil treated with metalaxyl or simazine, whereas it increased again at 112 DAT in metalaxyl treatment. Cabofuran treatment of both field soil showed maximum Pseudomonas number at 28 DAT compared to that of other treatments. In Chonju field soil, those Pseudomonads of metalaxyl and simazine treatment increased the highest level at 7 DAT. Simazine treatment decreased it's number from the beginning of experiment. In both soil, metalaxyl treatment decrease the general fungi number at 7 DAT, but increase at 14 and 56 DAT in Iksan field soil. However it increased at 56 DAT in Chonju field soil. Cabofuran treatment of Iksan field soil tended to decrease general fungi number at 28 DAT, but was ranged from 1.0 to $8.6{\times}104/g$ for the rest of experimental period. It started to increase at 56 DAT simazine treatment of Iksan. General bacterial concentration both soil treated with cabofuran was belong to $26.6{\sim}29.6{\times}106$. It was the highest at 56 DAT, but was not significantly different. General actinomyces number was highly increased at 7 and 112 DAT compared to that of other DAT. Pseudomonas putida or P. fluorescens from both field soil was separated and identified 10 to 30 of all 104 Pseudomonas, respectively. All isolated microorganisms showed chemical resistance of 100ppm metalaxyl, cabofuran and simazine treatment.