• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 1998

Metal ion-induced and it’s regulatory genes were screened in virulent salmonella typhimurium UK1 and tested cross-regulation with various stresses. Using the techniqud of P22-MudJ(Km, lacZ)-directed lacZ operon fusion, LF40 cuiA::MudJ and Lf153 cuiD::MudJ which were induced by copper were selected. cuia and cuiD were determined anaerobic coper inducible and copper tolerance response gene, respectively. Also cuiA and cuiD locus were determined at 81 and 8min, respectively, on salmonella Genetic Map. The two regulators were identified as cuaR, and cudR, which controls cuiA and cuiD, respectively. cuaR, and cudR appeared as negative regulators because the expression of cuiA-lac-Z and cuiD-lacZ were increased. Copper adapted UK1 showed high resistance to H$_{2}$O$_{2}$, but cuiD did not. The product of the cudR locus was responsible for decreasing the tolerance to copper and H$_{2}$O$_{2}$. Furthemore cuiA and cuiD locus were found to be part of a regulon under the control of a trans-acting regulators, rpoS, oxyR and relA. Therefore, the results suggest CTR participate with oxidative stress on Salmonella.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.565-571
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the tolerance of some resistant fungal strains from soils contaminated with heavy metals. Various fungal strains were isolated from soil samples collected from studied sites which heavy metals and other pollutants have been emitted in effluents for several years. Fungi isolated belong to different genera; however, Penicillium spp. showed the most frequent species. The microbial number was remarkably higher in the control soil than contaminated soil samples collected from mining areas. $Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ had the highest concentration in the polluted soils ranging from 89 - 3,521 ppm and 98 - 4,383 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of $Pb^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ showed the highest values against the fungal strains. $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ were the lowest contaminants in the polluted soils with the concentration of 5 to 12.1 ppm and 1.8 to 4.8 ppm, respectively. The tested resistant strains showed the strongest inhibition for $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ up to 200-400 ppm. Cadmium was the most highly toxic heavy metal for most of strains, however, 1 mM of $Cr^{3+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ accelerated the growth of Penicillium verrucosum KNU3. $Cu^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ at concentration of 1 mM did not affect the growth rate P. funiculosum KNU4. Tolerance of fungal species to heavy metals appears to be strain and origin dependent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2023

Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) toxicity, are increasing in soil and are considered toxic in small amounts. Pb contamination is mainly caused by industrialization - smelting, mining. Agricultural practices - sewage sludge, pests and urban practices - lead paint. It can seriously damage and threaten crop growth. Pb can adversely affect plant growth and development by affecting the photosystem, cell membrane integrity, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)andsuperoxide(O₂.-). NO is produced via enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to scavenge ROS and lipid peroxidation substrates in terms of protecting cells from oxidative damage. Thus, NO improves ion homeostasis and confers resistance to metal stress. Our results here suggest that exogenous NO may aid in better growth under lead stress. These enhancements may be aided by NO's ability in sensing, signaling and stress tolerance in plants under heavy metal stress in combination with lead stress. Our results show that GSNO has a positive effect on soybean seedling growth in response to axillary pressure and that NO supplementation helps to reduce chlorophyll maturation and relative water content in leaves and roots following strong burst under lead stress. GSNO supplementation (200 µM and 100 µM) reduced compaction and approximated oxidative damage of MDA, proline and H₂O₂. Under plant tension, a distorted appearance was found in the relief of oxidative damage by ROS scavenging by GSNO application. In summary, modulation of these NO, PCS and prolongation of metal past reversing GSNO application confirms the detoxification of ROS induced by toxic metal rates in soybean. In summary, these NO, PCS and metal traditionally sustained rates of reverse GSNO application confirm the detoxification of ROS induced by toxic metal rates in soybean.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.290-292
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• 2004

Heavy metal contamination has been increased in aqueous environments near many industrial facilities, such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, and tanneries. The soils in the vicinity of many military bases are also reported to be contaminated and pose a risk of groundwater and surface water contamination with heavy metals. The biological removal of metals through bioaccumulation has distinct advantages over conventional methods; the process rarely produces undesirable or deleterious chemical byproducts, it is highly efficient, easy to operate and cost-effective in the treatment of large volumes of wastewater containing toxic heavy metals. In addition, a recent development of molecular biology shed light on the enhancing the microorganism's natural remediation capability as well as improving the current biological treatment. In this study, characteristics of the cell growth and heavy metal accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing phytochelatin syntahse (PCS) gene were studied in batch cultures. The AtCRFI gene was demonstrated to confer substantial increases in metal tolerance in yeast. PCS-expressing cells tolerated more Cd$^{2＋}$ than controls.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.796-801
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• 2008

$LaGaO_3$ thin film was prepared on Ni-Fe metal porous substrate by Pulsed Laser Deposition method. By the thermal reduction, the dense $NiO-{Fe_3}{O_4}$ substrate is changed to a porous Ni-Fe metal substrate. The volumetric shrinkage and porosity of the substrate are controlled by the reduction temperature. It was found that a thermal expansion property of the Ni-Fe porous metal substrate is almost the same with that of $LaGaO_3$ based oxide. $LaGaO_3$ based electrolyte films are prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The film composition is sensitively affected by the deposition temperature. The obtained film is amorphous state after deposition. After post annealing at 1073K in air, the single phase of $LaGaO_3$ perovskite was obtained. Since the thermal expansion coefficient of the film is almost the same with that of LSGM film, the obtained metal support LSGM film cell shows the high tolerance against a thermal shock and after 6 min startup from room temperature, the cell shows the almost theoretical open circuit potential.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.305-309
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• 1998

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of seven Bifidobacterium spp. strains was examined by an indirect SOD assay method. Some Bifidobacterium spp. showed significant levels of SOD activity. However, we could not observe any significant differences between anaerobic and aerobic cultures. Furthermore, although several Bifidobacterium spp. exhibited some degree of tolerance to paraquat which produces superoxide radicals, the apparent SOD activity of these strains was not correlated with their resistance to paraquat. In addition, when we added increasing amounts of manganese or iron to MRS medium which had been prepared without either of the metal ions, the apparent SOD activity of cell free extracts (CFEs) was increased with increasing concentration of both metal ions. To our surprise, the heat-denatured CFEs also showed nearly identical correlative patterns. Based on these results, the apparent SOD activity was likely due to a nonenzymatic dismutation. These results strongly suggest that high concentration of divalent metal ions ($Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$) in MRS medium result in nonenzymatic dismutation which can lead to false positive SOD activities in Bifidobacerium spp.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.649-656
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• 2008

Springback is one of factors affecting precision in metal forming. Its effect is particularly prominent in bending process. In this study, bending and forging process are used in order to manufacture a micro spring with two bending region from $60{\mu}m$ diameter wire. Springback in the process lowers the precision of the micro spring. Overbending for springback compensation has wide usage in a general way. However, this method requires repeated modifications of press dies until the tolerance is allowable, which causes that production cost and time increase. In this paper, we analyzed the mechanism of springback in the forming process of the micro spring using finite element method. In addition, a simple method to control springback without modifying dies was proposed by performing numerical analysis with various parameters.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.12.1-12.1
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• 2009

For the micro conductive line, memory device fabrication process use many expensive processes such as manufactur-ing of photo mask, coating of photo resist, exposure, development, and etching. However, direct printing technology has the merits about simple and cost effective processes because nano-metal particles contained inks are directly injective without mask. And also, this technology has the advantage about fabrication of fine pattern line on various substrates such as FPCB, PCB, glass, polymer and so on. In this work, we have fabricated the fine and thick metal pattern line on flexible PCB substrate for the next generation electronic circuit using Ag nano-particles contained ink. To improve the line tolerance on flexible PCB, metal lines are fabricated by sequential prinitng method. Sequential printing method has vari-ous merits about fine, thick and high resolution pattern lines without bulge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2022

Metal 3D-printing technology enables the manufacture of complex features or internal structures, which is not possible in fabrication by conventional cutting methods. The most successful types of metal 3D printing have been powder bed diffusion and directed energy deposition, which use laser heads exploiting high-power laser sintering metal powder. In this study, a cost-effective optical design was proposed for a 2-kW-level fiber laser head. Only two commercial lenses, a beamsplitter and a window, are used in the laser head, satisfying the technological requirements. According to the optical design, the spot size was 2.54 mm, and the stand-off distance from the laser head was 295 mm. The intensity distribution was Gaussian. Thus, smooth power sintering was possible without any laser spot marks. Monte Carlo analysis was employed to verify the consistency of the optical performance under conventional assembly tolerance.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2023

Based on calculations using the macroscopic Maxwell's equations with mesoscopic boundary conditions, light absorption by a layered metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metamaterial system embedded in three different environments is investigated. Increasing the top metal thickness shifts the broad absorption band to lower dielectric-constant regions and longer wavelengths, for either TM or TE waves. Boosting the dielectric-layer thickness redshifts the broadband absorption to regions of larger dielectric constant. In air, for the dielectric-constant range of 0.86-3.40, the absorption of the system exceeds 98% across 680-1,033 nm. In seawater with optimized dielectric constant, ≥94% light absorption over 400-1,200 nm can be achieved; particularly in the wavelength range of 480-960 nm and dielectric-constant range of 0.82-3.50, the absorption is greater than 98%. In an environment with even higher refractive index (1.74), ≥98% light absorption over 400-1,200 nm can be achieved, giving better performance. The influence of angle of incidence on light absorption of the MIM system is also analyzed, and the angle tolerance for ≥90% broadband absorption of a TM wave is up to 40° in an environment with large refractive index. While the incident-angle dependence of the absorption of a TE wave is nearly the same for different circumstances, the situation is different for a TM wave.