• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.116-127
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• 2010

Metal acid dyes are usually used to dye wool fabric to achieve high concentrated color and strong color fastness. However, metal acid dyes contain lots of heavy metal. That causes not only environmental pollution but also diseases to human. In this study, wool reactive dyes instead of metal acid dyes for wool, which are environmental friendly, are compared and analyzed in the evaluation system of their harmfulness, containing heavy metals and examined exhaustion rates and dyeing characteristics.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.55-65
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• 2009

Metal complex dyes are usually used to dye amide fiber such as wool, silk and nylon to achieve high concentrated color and excellent color fastness. However, metal complex dyes that contain various heavy metal components cause not only serious environmental problem but also human health. In this study the ordinary 1:2 metal acid dyes and the modified 1:2 metal dyes, which are environmental friendly, are compared and analyzed in existing dyes investigated the trends in the evaluation system of their harmfulness, containing heavy metals and examined exhaustion rates and dyeing characteristics.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.119.1-119.1
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• 2011

Since Gratzel et al. reported the first efficient dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) in 1991, they have attracted much attention due to their relatively high power conversion efficiency and potentially low cost production. To date, high performance and good stability of DSSC based on Ru-dyes as a photosensitizer had been widely addressed in the literatures. However, the Ru-dyes are facing the problem of manufacturing costs and environmental issues. In order to obtain even cheaper photosensitizers for DSSC, the metal-free organic photosensitizers are strongly desired. The metal-free organic dyes offer superior molar extinction coefficients, low cost, and diverse molecular structures as compared to the conventional Ru-dyes, In this work, we have studied on the synthesis and characterization of the organo dendritic dyes containing different number of electron acceptor moieties in a molecule.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.88.1-88.1
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• 2010

Organic dyes, because of their many advantages, such as high molar extinction coefficients, convenience of customized molecular design for desired photophysical and photochemical properties, inexpensiveness with no transition metals contained, and environment-friendliness, are suitable as photosensitizers for the Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). The efficiency of DSSC based on metal-free organic dyes is known to be much lower than that of Ru dyes generally, but a high solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 8% in full sunlight has been achieved by Ito et al. using an indoline dye. This result suggests that smartly designed and synthesized metal-free organic dyes are also highly competitive candidates for photosensitizers of DSSCs with their advantages mentioned above. Recently, the performance of DSSC based on metal-free organic dyes has been remarkably improved by several groups. We had reported the novel organic dye with double electron acceptor chromophore, which was a new strategy to design an efficient photosensitizer for DSSC. To verify the strategy, we synthesized organic dyes whose geometries, electronic structures and optical properties were derived from preceding density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. In this paper, we successfully synthesized the chromophore containing multi-acceptor push-pull system from triphenylamine with thiophene moieties as a bridge unit. Organic dyes with a single electron acceptor and double acceptor system were also synthesized for comparison purposes. The photovoltaic performances of these dyes were compared, and the recombination dark current curves and the incident photon-to-current (IPCE) efficiencies were also measured in order to characterize the effects of the multi-anchoring groups on the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current. In order to match specifications required for practical applications to be implemented outdoors, light soaking and thermal stability tests of these DSSCs, performed under $100mWcm^{-2}$ and $60^{\circ}C$ for 1000h.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.157-162
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• 2001

Dyebath used for metal complex dyeing of nylon microfiber was recycled to reduce the overall amounts of metal complex dyeing effluents. Instead of discharging the dyebath after each dyeing cycle, the residual dyebath was analyzed spectrophotometrically and reconstituted to the required concentration of dyes and auxiliaries. Dyebaths were reused eight times and the CIELAB coordinates of dyed samples were measured after each recycling. Color difference($\Delta$E*) between the sample dyed in the fresh bath and that from reused dyebath was maintained below 1.5. The levelness and fastness of dyed fabrics from recycled dyebath were not impaired either. Chromium content of each recycled dyebath was similar to that of the first residual dyebath.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

Copper (II) salts are used as metallizing agents in the synthesis of new non-genotoxic direct dyes for cotton. Specifically, cotton fabric is dyed with non-genotoxic disazo direct dyes and then treated with copper salts. The complexes are characterized by neutron activation analysis, absorption spectrometry and standard Salmonella mammalian mutagenicity assay, and the after-treated fabrics are evaluated for lightfastness and washfastness. Direct dyes possessing ortho-propoxy and ortho'-hydroxy substituted systems formed the corresponding nonmutagenic 1:2 dye:metal complex and undergo significant improvement in lightfastness following metallization.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.14-22
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• 2008

The present paper focuses on the application of commercial acid dyes and wool reactive dyes to casein protein fabric. Nine acid dyes and six wool reactive dyes were compared their dyeing properties as well as color fastness. The exhaustion yields were higher than 80 % which dramatically increased at pH 3. Excellent wash fastness was obtained with metal-complex acid and wool reactive dyes. Both light and rubbing fastness were overall good, but perspiration fastness was comparatively poor.

• Clean Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2009

The metal complex dyes that are mainly used for good color fastness in dyeing amide fibers with highly concentrated colors usually contain toxic chromium. The remaining dye in th dyebath containing $Cr^{6+}$ causes not only environmental problems but also serious damages to human health. In this study, we applied reactive dyestuff for dyeing wool and nylon in order to substitute heavy metal dyestuff. The dyeing properties of reactive dyestuff in fibers as well as their absorption rates and fastness according to color concentration were investigated. By analyzing the quantity of heavy metals and toxic amine of reactive dyestuff, we investigated their harmfulness trends quantitatively. By comparing the reactive dyes with traditional metal complex dyes, we tried to find out the possibility of the reactive dye being a clean dyes in the future.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.284-293
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• 2002

Nylon 6 and polyester taffeta fabrics are dyed in aqueous medium with vat dyes such as Indanthren Red FBB, Mikethren Blue ACE and Mikethren Blue HR varying the compositions of sodium hydrosulfite and NaOH. Also nylon UMF nonwoven and polyester UMF knitted fabrics are dyed with metal complex and disperse dyes as a reference, and the wash and rubbing fastnesses for these dyes are investigated. In vat dyeing of polyester and nylon taffeta, an optimum composition of sodium hydrosulfite/NaOH is existed at a range of 1∼2wt%/0.2wt%. A good build-up property for Mikethren Blue ACE on nylon 6 UMF nonwoven fabric is shown at high temperature. Vat dyeing of polyester with Mikethren Blue Ace shows a good color shade in a higher temperature, while dyeing with Mitsui Blue HR shows low temperatures. Vat dyes In dyeing of both nylon 6 UMF nonwoven and polyester UMF knitted fabrics have a better wash fastnesses compared with metal complex or disperse dyes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.162-163
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• 2009

Colorimetric chemosensors are now considered as one of the most effective analytical method used in the environmental monitoring. In this study, 10 new direct dyes were synthesized to be used as colorimetric chemosensor. When metal ions such as $Al^{3+},\;Ca^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;Cr^{3+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Fe^{3+},\;Hg{^2+},\;Li^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Zn^{2+}$ were added to the solutions of new dyes, the colors of the solutions were changed and can be easily detected by eyes without any expensive equipments. Some metal ions were coordinated to the new direct dyes forming complex. The experimental data and conclusions were rationalized by UV-VIS spectroscopy.