• 전기화학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2008

직접개미산 연료전지의 전극 촉매로 사용되는 귀금속 백금-루테늄 촉매를 정전분무법을 이용하여 효율적으로 분산하여 보았다. 전극에 도포된 촉매 양은 분사 시간에 따라 증가하였으나, 분사시간이 80분을 넘는 경우 촉매 응집으로 인하여 연료전지 성능은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 상용 핸드스프레이로 전극 촉매를 $3.0\;mg/cm^2$ 분산한 경우 얻은 최대 출력밀도 $74\;mW/cm^2$와 비교하여 정전분무법은 적은 양인 $1.85\;mg/cm^2$의 촉매를 분산하고도 $72\;mW/cm^2$의 최대 출력밀도를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.231-236
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• 1999

결정상과 분산도가 조절된 $MoO_3$/$SiO_2$ 담지촉매를 제조하여 촉매의 표면특성과 디벤조티오펜 탈황반응의 활성도를 고찰하였다. Mo의 표면담지량은 4 atoms $Mo/nm^2$이었으며, 실리카 표면 위에 형성된 $MoO_3$의 결정상은 sintered hexagonal, sintered orthorhombic, 및 dispersed hexagonal상이었다. XRD, Raman, 및 $O_2$ 흡착 결과 $MoO_3$의 표면분산도는 sintered hexagonal < sintered orthorhombic < dispersed hexagonal 순으로 증가하였다. TPR 결과 $MoO_3$ 결정은 $650^{\circ}C$에서 $MoO_2$로, $1000^{\circ}C$에서 Mo로 환원됨을 알 수 있었다. 디벤조티오펜 탈황반응을 30기압, $350{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 수행하였으며, 실험 결과 활성도는 $MoO_3$ 결정체의 $SiO_2$ 표면에서의 분산도에 비례하여 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.386-390
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• 2015

Fe-base superalloy powders with $Y_2O_3$ dispersion were prepared by high energy ball milling, followed by spark plasma sintering for consolidation. High-purity elemental powders with different Fe powder sizes of 24 and 50 mm were used for the preparation of $Fe-20Cr-4.5Al-0.5Ti-O.5Y_2O_3$ powder mixtures (wt%). The milling process of the powders was carried out in a horizontal rotary ball mill using a stainless steel vial and balls. The milling times of 1 to 5 h by constant operation (350 rpm, ball-to-powder ratio of 30:1 in weight) or cycle operation (1300 rpm for 4 min and 900 rpm for 1 min, 15:1) were applied. Microstructural observation revealed that the crystalline size of Fe decreased with an increase in milling time by cyclic operation and was about 15 nm after 3 h, forming a FeCr alloy phase. The cyclic operation had an advantage over constant milling in that a smaller-agglomerated structure was obtained. The milled powders were sintered at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in vacuum. With an increase in milling time, the sintered specimen showed a more homogeneous microstructure. In addition, a homogenous distribution of Y-compound particles in the grain boundary was confirmed by EDX analysis.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.455-467
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• 1995

In order to investigate the dispersion patterns and speciations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soils, stream sediments and stream waters, geochemical studies of soil, stream sediment and stream water samples collected in the vicinity of the Shi-Heung Cu-Pb-Zn mine was carried out Cation exchange capacity measurement, size analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and batch test were performed to select applicable soil for adsorption treatment The average content of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soils collected from tailings and ore dressing plant is 1084 ppm, 2292 ppm, 3512 ppm and 29.2 ppm, respectively, and therefore, tailings and ore dressing plant site may be the major contamination sources in this study area. The mean content of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in stream sediments is extremely high up to 794 ppm, 1633 ppm, 2946 ppm and 25.2 ppm, respectively. Tailing particles and heavy metal ions are dispersed along the tributary system. Results from the sequential extraction analysis indicate; (1) most of Cu is bound to organic matters and sulphides, (2) fraction of Pb is mainly bound to Fe and Mn oxides. Most of Zn is largely bound to Fe and Mn oxides and residual fraction. Ion exchangeable fraction of Cd is relatively higher than those of Cu, Pb and Zn. Batch test on soils collected from the kaolinite and/or pyrophyllite mines and from the control areas was carried out to select an applicable soil samples for adsorption treatment The sample, S10, collected from the control area 2 (clay content 33.2%) shows the highest $K_d$ (distribution coefficient). Organic content in soils and several clay minerals shows relatively good correlation with $K_d$. It means that applicable soils for adsorption treatment of heavy metals show high organic and clay content.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2000

It has been more than ten years since Dukun mine was abandoned. Tailings of waste deposits and slime dumps in the abandoned Dukum mine have been left to be deserted for fifty years. The results of fifty years of neglecting are nothing short of major environmental problems. Slime dumps have been exposed to air and water in the mine over ten years and then soil profile has been formed well. Soil in the upper layer (A horizon) is the light gray color due to the leaching of cations. Soil in the lower layer (A2 horizon, 0.2∼0.3m)is tinted with reddish brown and yellowish brown color due to the development of iron oxides and iron hydroxides. Soil in the lower part of B horizon of (1.0∼3.0m) with the growth of copper and zinc oxides exposes to the bluish green, light blue, and dark gray. Ranging from 3m to 8m in depth, 85 samples were taken from 22 sampling sites with 50m intervals located on the slime dump area with hand auger and trench (open cut). As tailings was distributed, heavy metal elements extracted by the process of surface water and ground water move and disperse in to the hydrosphere. Waste dumps were distributed in and around the mine and water draining from those dumps be a potential source of contamination. Soils, thus, can be dispersed into downslope and downstream through wind and water by clastic movement. These materials may be deposited in another horizon if the water is withdrawn, or if the materials are precipitated as a result of differences in pH, or other conditions in deeper horizons. These were primarily associated with acid mine drainage. The characteristics and rate of release of acid mine drainage are influenced by various chemical and biological reactions at the source of acid generations. Prolonged extration of heavy metal elements has a detrimental effect on the agricultural land and residental area. Twenty soil samples were collected from the agricultural land in the area (0∼30 cm). Seventeen samples were also taken from the sediment in the stream running alongside the dumps. The dispersion patterns of heavy metal elements are as follows: The content of As ranged 2∼6 ppm in a horizon, 20∼125 ppm in B horizon with large amount of clay mineral is concentrated and the content of Cd ranged 1∼2 ppm in A horizon, 4∼22 ppm in B horizon. Like Cd, the content of As, Cu, Zn, Pb in B horizon is higher than that in A horizon (approximately 5∼100 times). When soil formation proceeds in stages, it is necessary to investicate the B horizon with the concentration of heavy metal and preventive measures will have to established.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1996

Although the Dongjin Au-Ag-Cu mine had been abandoned since about forty years ago, the results of this study on the dispersion patterns and contamination level of heavy metals in the hydrologic system flowing via the waste rump show that the environmental impacts from the mine wastes are still significant. The stream water in the vicinity of the waste rump is severely acidified (pH 3.8 to 4.4) and highly enriched in various dissolved heavy metals. The heavy metal contents of the stream water and stream sediments are systematically attenuated with increasing distance from the mine area. However, it is worth to note that continuous attenuation of heavy metal contents in both media were reenriched in downstream area more than 800 m apart from the mine because it can be acted as a secondary source of heavy metal pollution. The heavy metals, especially Cd, Cu and Zn of polluted downstream sediments mainly occur in Fe-Mn oxides and organic materials, which indicates that these elements are the main pollutants from the waste rump of the Dongjin mine. The heavy metal contents of crops, such as sesame, perilla, red Pepper and brown rice, collected from the polluted farm land in the downstream area are lower than those of land plants from stream sides, but significantly higher in Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn than those from the unpolluted farm land. Especially, almost all of the crops in polluted farm land have been severly contaminated by Cd (>0.4 ppm). On the other hand, the heavy metal contents of the crops collected from refreshed farm land by means of a soil addition method shows significantly lowered level comparing with those of polluted area, which indicates that a soil addition method was effective for the refreshment of polluted farm land by toxic metallic pollutants. Wormwoods from this area showed very high contents in a11 the heavy metals even in unpolluted area (Cd > 1 ppm, Cr > 1 ppm, Cu > 11 ppm, Pb> 4 ppm, Zn > 55 ppm), indicating that a special caution must be payed when one takes ingest them.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.768-776
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• 1996

카본블랙은 일반적으로 보강성, 착색성, 내후성, 내화학성 및 전기적 전도성 등의 다양한 특성을 가지고 있으나 매질과의 친화력이 낮아 이용하는데 어려움을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 카본블랙의 표면특성을 변화시켜 매질과의 친화력을 향상시키기 위하여 표면에 비교적 많은 기능기를 가지고 있는 channel black은 표면 카르복실기의 수소를 알칼리 금속과 치환하였고, 표면 기능기가 거의 존재하지 않는 furnace black은 질산으로 처리하였다. 이와 같이 표면의 특성을 변화시켜 카본블랙의 물성변화를 측정하고, 수용액 속에서의 분산특성을 연구하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 표면처리된 channel black의 경우 치환된 금속(Li, Na, K)의 이온반경이 증가함에 따라 입자 표면의 수화도 증가로 인하여 분산성이 향상되었고, 질산처리한 furnace black의 경우 산의 농도 및 반응온도에 비례하여 표면 기능기의 증대를 가져왔으며 반응시간에는 크게 영향을 받지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 전해질 용액에서 pH 변화에 따른 제타전위를 측정한 결과 카본블랙 입자의 표면 전하밀도가 증가하고, 이에 따른 전기적 반발력 증가로 인한 분산성의 향상과 비교적 안정한 계를 이루고 있음을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2015

Ceramic foams are prepared as positive images corresponding to a plastic foam structure which exhibits high porosities (85-90%). This structure makes the ceramic foams attractive as a catalyst in a dry reforming process, because it could reduce a high pressure drop problem. This problem causes low mass and heat transfers in the process. Furthermore, the reactants would shortly contact to catalyst surface, thus low conversion could occur. Therefore, this research addressed the preparation of dry reforming catalysts using a sol-gel catalyst preparation via a polymeric sponge method. The specific objectives of this work are to investigate the effects of polymer foam structure (such as porosity, pore sizes, and cell characteristics) on a catalyst performance and to observe the influences of catalyst preparation parameters to yield a replica of the original structure of polymeric foam. To accomplish these objectives industrial waste foams, polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foams, were used as a polymeric template. Results indicated that the porosity of the polyurethane and polyvinyl alcohol foams were about 99% and 97%. Their average cell sizes were approximate 200 and 50 micrometres, respectively. The cell characteristics of polymer foams exhibited the character of a high permeability material that can be able to dip with ceramic slurry, which was synthesized with various viscosities, during a catalyst preparation step. Next, morphology of ceramic foams was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and catalyst properties, such as; temperature profile of catalyst reduction, metal dispersion, and surface area, were also characterized by $H_2-TPR$ and $H_2-TPD$ techniques, and BET, respectively. From the results, it was found that metal-particle dispersion was relatively high about 5.89%, whereas the surface area of ceramic foam catalysts was $64.52m^2/g$. Finally, the catalytic behaviour toward hydrogen production through the dry reforming of methane using a fixed-bed reactor was evaluated under certain operating conditions. The approaches from this research provide a direction for further improvement of marketable environmental friendly catalyst production.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.281-295
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• 2021

Si/(Si + Al) 몰비를 30 몰%까지 변화시켜 제조한 SiO2-Al2O3 복합 산화물(SA) 상에 니켈을 함침법으로 제조한 촉매 상에서 에탄올의 아민화반응에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 제조된 촉매의 물리·화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 X-선 회절분석(XRD), N2 흡착분석, 이소프로판올 승온탈착(IPA-TPD), 에탄올 승온탈착(EtOH-TPD), 수소 승온환원(H2-TPR), H2 화학흡착, 투과전자현미경(TEM) 분석을 수행하였다. SA 복합 산화물 상에서 Si/(Si + Al) = 30 몰%가 될 때까지 지속적으로 산점이 증가하였다. 담지된 Ni 금속의 분산도, 비표면적 및 산 특성 등이 촉매 반응활성에 복합적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 산점 증가와 니켈 산화물의 낮은 환원 온도는 아세토니트릴 생성에 유리하게 작용하는 것으로 사료된다. 에탄올의 전환율 측면에서는 10 wt% Ni이 담지된 Si/(Si + Al) = 10 몰% 촉매가 가장 높은 전환율을 보였으며 이를 기준으로 화산형 형태를 나타냈고, Ni 금속 분산도와 경향이 일치했다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.212-228
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• 2013

파손된 석조문화재를 재사용하기 위한 방법으로 금속보강재를 사용하게 되는데 현재까지 보강재에 대한 보존처리 지침 없이 처리자의 경험에 의해서 이루어지다 보니 여러 가지 문제점이 도출되고 있다. 따라서 2차적인 원부재의 훼손을 최소화하기 위한 금속봉의 구조적 보강방법과 거동 특성 등을 제안된 실험체를 통해 검증 받아 금속보강재 매입방법에 관한 설계기준을 마련하고자 하였다. 절단면에 에폭시수지 접합만 할 경우 원 모재 물성의 70% 정도밖에 회복되지 않아 30%에 대한 금속보강재의 구조적 보강이 필요하다. 금속봉은 석재 취성파괴 후 구조적 거동을 받는데 금속보강재비가 0.251% 이하로 설계되면 구조적 거동은 발생하지 않으며, 0.5% 이상이면 구조적 보강은 이루어지나 모재의 2차 훼손을 유발시킨다. 따라서 $1,500kgf/cm^2$ 강도를 갖는 석재의 적정 금속보강재비는 접착단면적의 0.283~0.377% 정도로 설계되어야 가역성 있는 파손과 보강재의 연성거동이 이루어진다. 또한 휨 하중에 대응되는 금속봉의 최대 응력을 기대하기 위해서는 보강재 간격을 멀리하는 것보다 가깝게 유지하는 것이 효율적이며, 특히 상부에 보강재를 매입하는 것은 구조적으로 아무런 도움이 되지 못하고 오히려 원부재의 손상만 유발한다. 따라서 보강재는 하부에 집중배치하고 일부 중앙부에 매입하여야 안정적인 인장재 역할을 하면서 하중응력을 받는다. 금속봉의 분산효과는 보강봉의 면적에 영향을 받을 뿐 지름과는 무관하였다. 하지만 큰 규모를 대상으로 할 때는 접착 단면을 고려하여 보강재 개수를 늘려주는 것이 하중응력에 안정적이다. 이때 적용되는 정착길이는 보강재의 직경에 따라 다음과 같은 식($l_d=a_tf_y/u{\Sigma}_0$)에 의거하여 설계한다. 또한 구조재로서 거동을 하기 위해서는 반드시 마디가 있는 전산형 보강봉을 사용하여야 한다.