• 제목/요약/키워드: metal deposits

검색결과 151건 처리시간 0.026초

Electrodeposition of Ni-W/Al2O3 Nano-Composites and the Influence of Al2O3 Incorporation on Mechanical and Corrosion Resistance Behaviours

  • M. Ramaprakash;R. Nivethida;A. Muthukrishnan;A. Jerom Samraj;M. G. Neelavannan;N. Rajasekaran
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.377-387
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    • 2023
  • Ni-W/Al2O3 nano-composites were electrodeposited on mild steel substrate for mechanical and corrosion resistance applications. This study focused on the preparation of Ni-W/Al2O3 nano-composite coating with various quantity of Al2O3 incorporations. The addition of Al2O3 in the electrolytes were varied from 1-10 g/L in electrolytes and the Al2O3 incorporation in Ni-W/Al2O3 nano-composite coatings were obtained from 1.82 to 13.86 wt.%. The incorporation of Al2O3 in Ni-W alloy matrix influenced the grain size, surface morphology and structural properties were observed. The distributions of Al2O3 particle in alloy matrix were confirmed using electron microscopy (FESEM and TEM) and EDAX mapping analysis. The crystal structure informations were studied using X-ray diffraction method and it confirms that the deposits having cubic crystal structure. The better corrosion rate (0.87 mpy) and microhardness (965 HV) properties were obtained for the Ni-W/Al2O3 nano-composite coating with 13.86 wt.% of Al2O3 incorporations.

한국 중생대 화강암류와 이에 수반된 금-은광화작용 (Mesozoic Granitoids and Associated Gold-Silver Mineralization in Korea)

  • 최선규;박상준;최상훈;신홍자
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제34권1호
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    • pp.25-38
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    • 2001
  • 한반도 금은광화작용은 중생대 대보화성활동(약 200~130 Ma)과 불국사화성활동(약 120~60 Ma)의 관입시기에 따라 다양한 지질환경에서 형성된 상이한 금속비의 광상이 배태되고 있으며, 각각 서로 다른 정치깊이를 반영하여 광상성인적 유형뿐만 아니라 시 공간적 분포를 보이고 있다. 맥의 산상, 광물학적, 유체포유물 및 동위원소 연구결과에 의하면, 쥬라기 광상은 성인적으로 페그마타이트와 밀접한 연관성을 보이며, 낮은 금은비(Ag/Au ratio)의 금단일형 광상(197~127 Ma)으로 비교적 단순한 광물조합과 높은 금함량의 에렉트럼이 산출된다. 이러한 유형의 광상은 심부기원의 전형적인 괴상 단성맥의 구조를 보이며, 심부(>3.0kb)의 환경조건에서 마그마 기원의 고온성 광화 유체(약 300~45$0^{\circ}C$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O; 5~10$\textperthousand$)로부터 $CO_2$비등현상과 황화작용의 침전 메카니즘에 의해서 형성되었다. 반면, 백악기 금-은광상들은 주로 전형적인 복성맥의 구조를 보이고, 비철금속의 황화광물이외에도 다양한 함은.함은황염 광물조합에 기인한 높은 금은비의 금은혼합형 광상(108~71 Ma) 또는 은단일형 광상(98~71 Ma)으로 산출된다. 이러한 유형의 광상들은 천부의 지질환경(<1.0 kb)에서 지표수의 혼입에 따른 순환수 기원의 비교적 낮은 온도 광화유체(약 200~35$0^{\circ}C$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O; -10~5$\textperthousand$)로부터 비등 및 냉각작용에 의한 복합적인 침전 메카니즘으로 형성되었다. 즉, 쥬라기 금단일형 광상에 속하는 태창 보련 삼황학 대흥광산은 전형적인 심열수~중열수광상으로, 백악기 금은혼합형 광상에 속하는 무극 금왕 금봉 덕음광산과 백악기 은단일형 광상에 속하는 전주일 월유 은적광산은 중열수~천열수광상으로, 가사도광산은 전형적인 화산성 저유황형 천열수광상으로 각각 구분된다. 중생대 대보 화성암체와 불국사 화성암체의 지구조적 특성에 따른 정치심도의 차이는 광화유체의 온도, 압력, 조성 및 기원뿐만 아니라, 유체의 진화과정 및 금-은 광물의 침전 메카니즘을 좌우하며, 결과적으로 금-은광상의 금속비에 직접적인 영향을 준 것으로 해석된다.

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함안군북지구(咸安郡北地區)의 지질(地質)과 동광상(銅鑛床) (Geology and Ore Deposits in the Haman-Kunbuk Copper District)

  • 문정욱;김명환;이지헌;최충정
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.55-73
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    • 1970
  • The district investigated covers the central and southern portions of the Uiryong Quadrangle amounting to $40km^2$ in area and is bounded approximately by geographical coordinates of $128^{\circ}$ 28' $40^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}128^{\circ}$ 24' 25"E in longitude and $35^{\circ}10{\prime}{\sim}35^{\circ}14^{\prime}06^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ in latitude. The purpose of this investigation was to provide basic information in drawing up a comprehensive development plan of the copper ore deposits known to exist in the HamanKumbuk district with special emphasis given to the ascertainment of geological and paragenetic characteristics. The area consists chiefly of shale, sandy shale and chert, all belong to Kyongsang System of Cretaceous age. Intruded into these rocks are andesite, granodiorite, basic dikes, and acidic dikes. The mineralization which took place in the area, consists of mostly fissure-filling vein deposits, numbering several tens, with varying magnitudes. The fissures and shear zones created in rocks, such as chert and granodiorite, hosted the deposition of mineralizing vapors and/or hydrothermal solutions along their openings. The strike lengths of these veins vary from 50 to 600 meters in extension and 0.1 to 3 meters in width. Although the degree of fluctuation in width is great, it averages 0.3m. The stuctural patterns, which apparently affected the deposition of veins, are fissure patterns, trend NS to $N30^{\circ}W$, and steep-pitching tension fractures as well as normal fault pattern. Ore minerals associated with vein matters are primarily chalcopyrite and small amounts of scheelite, cobaltiferous arsenopyrite, and gold and silver intimately associated with sulphide minerals. Associated with these ore mineral are pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, specularite and arsenopyrite. Gangue minerals noted are quartz, calcite, chlorite, tourmaline and hornblende. In terms of the compositions of associated minerals, the vein deposits in the district could be grouped under the following four categories: 1. Pyrrhoitite, Arsenopyrite, Gold and Silver Bearing Copper Vein (Type I) 2. Calcite-Scheelite-Copper Vein (Type II) 3. Magnetite-Pyrite-Copper Vein (Type III) 4. Tourmaline Copper Vein (Type IV) Of the four types, the first and the fourth are presently yielding relatively higher grades: of copper ores and concentrates. The estimated ore reserves total some 222,000 metric tons with the following breakdown in terms of metal contents: Name of Mines Au(g/t) Ag(g/t) Cu(%) Reserves(M/T) Kunbuk 15.92 78.69 6,074 60.498 Cheil Kunbuk - - 1.040 60,847 Haman - - 2.688 101,204 222,549 As rehabilitation of old workings and/or exploration of veins at depth proceed, additional estimation of ore reserves may become apparent and necessary. With regard to the problem of beneficiation and upgrading of low-grade ores in the district, it would be advisable to make decisions on location, treating capacity and mill flowsheet after sufficient amount of exploration is completed as suggested in the report.

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고로폐광산 주변 농경지 토양 및 하천 퇴적토의 중금속 오염 분포 및 복원 대책 설계 (Distribution and remediation design of heavy metal contamination in farm-land soils and river deposits in the vicinity of the Goro abandoned mine)

  • 이민희;최정찬;김진원
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.89-101
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    • 2003
  • 경상북도 군위군에 위치하는 고로 폐아연광산의 광미 및 광폐석 유실에 의한 주변 농경지 토양 및 하천 퇴적토의 오염을 조사하였다. 폐광산하부에서부터 하천을 따라 직선길이 약 12 km 구간에서 퇴적토 및 토양을 표토와 심토로 나누어 채취하였으며, 토양시료에 대한 분석은 0.1N(비소의 경우만 만 HCl 약산 추출법인 토양오염공정시험법으로 실시하였다. 폐광산 하부 주 하천의 표층 퇴적토는 카드뮴과 납에 대하여 하천 상류 지역에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였으며, 비소는 총 표토 시료 14개 중 6개(43%)에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였고, 이중 4지점은 토양오염대책기준치를 초과하였다. 특히 폐광산과의 거리에 관계없이 하천 전체에 걸쳐 퇴적토의 표토들이 비소에 폭 넓게 오염되어있어서 이들에 대한 복원 대책이 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 폐광산 주변 농경지 토양 분석 결과 표토와 심토 모두 비소를 제외한 중금속의 오염은 토양오염우려기준치이하로 나타났으나, 비소의 경우 표토 시료 채취 8 지점 중 4지점에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였으며, 이중 3지점에서 토양오염대책기준치를 초과함으로서 주변 농경지 토양의 표토도 비소로 심하게 오염되어있음을 알 수 있었다. 폐광산 하부 주 하천 수질 조사 결과, 폐광산 갱내수와 침전지 주변을 제외하고는 하천 수질은 모든 중금속에 대해 매우 낮은 것으로 나타나, 폐광산 주변의 토양오염은 하천수질에 의한 오염이기보다는 폐광산 주변에 적재된 폐광석과 광미들이 우기시 하천을 범람하며 유출되어 진행되었을 것으로 판단되었다. 폐광산 주변 지역의 오염 정도를 토양환경보전법에 명시된 오염 등급(Pollution Grade)으로 평가한 결과, 비소의 경우 토양오염우려기준 이상의 농도를 나타내는 농경지 토양과 하천퇴적토 지역이 많아, 향후 비소에 대한 토양 복원이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 오염분석 결과와 현장 농경지 조사를 바탕으로 복원이 필요한 하천 퇴적토 및 농경지 토양 면적을 산정하였으며, 하천 퇴적토의 경우 토양세척법을 이용하여 비소와 납을 제거하고, 농경지 토양의 경우 석회를 첨가한 반전객토법을 실시하는 토양 복원 대책을 수립하였다.

장군광산(將軍鑛山) 자철광상(磁鐵鑛床)의 광화시기(鑛化時期) 및 안정동위원소(安定同位元素) 지화학(地化學) (Geochemistry of Stable Isotope and Mineralization Age of Magnetite Deposits from the Janggun Mine, Korea)

  • 이현구;이찬희;김상중
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.411-419
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    • 1996
  • The Janggun magnetite deposits occur as the lens-shaped magnesian skarn, magnetite and base-metal sulfide orebodies developed in the Cambrian Janggun Limestone Formation. The K-Ar age of alteration sericite indicates that the mineralization took place during late Cretaceous age (107 to 70 Ma). The ore deposition is divided into two stages as a early skarn and late hydrothermal stage. Mineralogy of skara stage (107 Ma) consists of iron oxide, base-metal sulfides, Mg-Fe carbonates and some Mg- and Ca-skarn minerals, and those of the hydrothermal stage (70 Ma) is deposited base-metal sulfides, some Sb- and Sn-sulfosalts, and native bismuth. Based on mineral assemblages, chemical compositions and thermodynamic considerations, the formation temperature, $-logfs_2$, $-logfo_2$ and pH of ore fluids progressively decreased and/or increased with time from skarn stage (433 to $345^{\circ}C$, 8.8 to 9.9 atm, 29.4 to 31.6 atm, and 6.1 to 7.2) to hydrothermal stage (245 to $315^{\circ}C$, 11.2 to 12.3 atm, 33.6 to 35.4 atm, and 7.3 to 7.8). The ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of sulfides have a wide range between 3.2 to 11.6‰. The calculated ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ values of ore fluids are relatively homo-geneous as 2.9 to 5.4‰ (skam stage) and 8.7 to 13.5‰ (hydrothermal stage), which are a deep-seated igneous source of sulfur indicates progressive increasing due to the mixing of oxidized sedimentary sulfur with increasing paragenetic time. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of carbonates in ores range from -4.6 to -2.5‰. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data revealed that the ${\delta}^{38}O_{H_2O}$ and ${\delta}D$ values of ore fluids decreased gradually with time from 14.7 to 1.8‰ and -85 to -73‰ (skarn stage), and from 11.1 to -0.2‰ and -87 to -80‰ (hydrothermal stage), respectively. This indicates that magmatic water was dominant during the early skarn mineralization but was progressively replaced by meteoric water during the later hydrothermal replacement.

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천연해수 중 음극방식 응용 원리에 의해 제작한 Mg(OH)2 코팅막의 밀착성 및 내식성 (Adhesion and Corrosion Resistance of Mg(OH)2 Films Prepared by Application Principle of Cathodic Protection in Natural Seawater)

  • 이승효;김혜민;임경민;김병구;이명훈
    • 한국표면공학회지
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    • 제46권1호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2013
  • Cathodic current on a metal tends to increase the $OH^-$ neighboring to the metal surface, especially during electro-deposition in seawater. The increased pH at metal/seawater interface results in precipitation of brucite crystal structure-$Mg(OH)_2$ as following formula; $Mg^{2+}+2OH^-{\rightarrow}Mg(OH)_2$, that is typical mechanism of the main calcareous deposits-compound in electro deposited coating films. In this study, the effects of anode and current density on deposition rate, composition structure and morphology of the deposited films were systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and x-ray diffraction(XRD), respectively in order to overcome the problems such as deposition rate and a weak adhesion between deposit film and metal surface. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating films were also evaluated by anodic polarization test. The electro-deposited film formed by using AZ31-Mg anode had the most appropriate physical properties. Weight gain of electro-deposit films increased with increasing cathodic current. Electro-deposit prepared at $5A/cm^2$ current density shows better adhesion than that formed at $8{\sim}10A/cm^2$.

금강에서 보 설치 후 퇴적물 중금속 분포 (Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Geum River after Weirs Construction)

  • 양윤모;심무준;오다연;간종범;이준배;홍선화;이수형;박상진
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제34권1호
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    • pp.64-68
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    • 2015
  • BACKGROUND: Heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed to elucidate the impact of weir construction on their concentrations in sediments of Geum River, Korea. We also attempted to investigate the source of the heavy metals in sediments. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study, sediments were collected from May through June in 2012. The concentrations of heavy metals except Hg were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, and Hg was measured by automatic mercury analyzer. More clay were accumulated in the furthest stations in the upstream direction starting from the weirs. Most of the heavy metals showed higher concentrations in the most upstream located station of Geumnam Weir. However, high concentrations were not observed in the most upstream stations of the other weirs. The concentrations of Hg and As were much higher in sediments of Gap Stream. CONCLUSION: Gap Stream may be a potential source for high deposits of As and Hg. Presence of the dams may not play an important role in controlling heavy metal concentrations in sediments. It is necessary to monitor heavy metal concentrations for a longer time period to study the effect of environmental changes on heavy metal distribution in Geum River.

Chronic Heavy Metal Exposure and Gallbladder Cancer Risk in India, a Comparative Study with Japan

  • Chhabra, Deepak;Oda, Koji;Jagannath, Palepu;Utsunomiya, Hirotoshi;Takekoshi, Susumu;Nimura, Yuji
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.187-190
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    • 2012
  • Background: High incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is reported from North India, with elevated concentrations of heavy metals in water and soil. This Indo-Japan collaborative study compared presence of heavy metals in gallbladder tissues. Methods: Heavy metal concentrations were estimated in Indian GBC and cholecystitis tissues and compared with Japanese GBC and cholecystitis tissues. Spectrophotometry was done for 13 Indian gallbladder tissues (8 GBC, 5 cholecystitis) and 9 Japanese (5 GBC, 4 cholecystitis). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) thin foil element analysis was done in 10 Indian samples (6 GBC, 4 cholecystitis). Results: Chromium, lead, arsenic and zinc were significantly high in Indian GBC compared with Japanese GBC. Chromium, lead and arsenic were significantly high in the Indian cholecystitis tissues compared to the Japanese. TEM of Indian tissues demonstrated electron dense deposits in GBC. Conclusion: Heavy metals-chromium, lead, arsenic and zinc are potential carcinogens in Indian GBC from endemic areas. This preliminary study links presence of heavy metals in gallbladder cancer tissues in endemic areas.

AlSi12 분말의 직접 레이저 용융 적층 시 공정 조건에 따른 적층 특성에 관한 연구 (Study on Effects of Direct Laser Melting Process Parameters on Deposition Characteristics of AlSi12 powders)

  • 서자예;윤희석;이기용;심도식
    • 소성∙가공
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.314-322
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    • 2018
  • AlSi12 is a heat-resistant aluminum alloy that is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, machinable and attracting attention as a functional material in aerospace and automotive industries. For that reason, AlSi12 powder has been used for high performance parts through 3D printing technology. The purpose of this study is to observe deposition characteristics of AlSi12 powder in a direct energy deposition (DED) process (one of the metal 3D printing technologies). In this study, deposition characteristics were investigated according to various process parameters such as laser power, powder feed rate, scan speed, and slicing layer thickness. In the single track deposition experiment, an irregular bead shape and balling or humping of molten metal were formed below a laser power of 1,000 W, and the good-shaped bead was obtained at 1.0 g/min powder feed rate. Similar results were observed in multi-layer deposition. Observation of deposited height after multi-layer deposition revealed that over-deposition occurred at all conditions. To prevent over-deposition, slicing layer thickness was experimentally determined at given conditions. From these results, this study presented practical conditions for good surface quality and accurate geometry of deposits.

엔진밸브 시트 표면의 오버레이층 특성에 미치는 용접법의 영향 (Effect of the Welding Methods on the Characteristics of Overlaying Seat-surfaces of Engine Valves)

  • 이병영;최병길
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.517-524
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    • 2002
  • An overlaying of the seating surfaces of engine valves by OAW, GTAW or PTA weldings are common practice. The OAW method of a lower torch energy density compared to GTAW and PTA methods produces smoother deposits but the pain size at the vicinity of the interface is increased remarkably up to $30~50{\mu\textrm{m}}$ (that of base metal is about $10\mu\textrm{m}$). It's grain coarsening and the solute dilution are related to the decarburizing during OAW could be minimized by reducing the preheating temperature and by maintaining the carbide precipitates in base metal prior to welding. The formation of columnar structures and carbide precipitation zone in the vicinity of the GTAW welded interface, because of the high heat concentration, causes weakened zone on the valve seat face. The width of the reaction boundary zone is about $50\mu\textrm{m}$ for PTA and GTAW overlaying, and about $150\mu\textrm{m}$ for OAW welding. The smaller width of the reaction boundary zone is the less the solute-dilution rate. Thereby PTA welding may be recommended for overlaying of the seating surfaces.