• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-63
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• 1988

A total of 38 energy balance trials were done for calves fed a liquid milk replacer, calf starter and second cut mixed hay. Milk replacer supplied 81% of the total dietary energy. Live weight of calves averaged 54.1 (S.D 6.2) kg and daily gain 0.37 (${\pm}0.23$)kg. The metabolizability of gross energy averaged 0.822. A regression was calculated relating energy retention (ER, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) to the intake of metabolizable energy (IME, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$): ER = 0.72 (${\pm}0.12$) IME - 330, r = 0.702, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}18.0$. Metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was calculated to be $458kJ/kg^{0.75}$ when ER = 0. The amount of IME over MEm for an individual animal (Meg, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) was regressed on averaged daily gain (ADG, kg): Meg = 413 (${\pm}91$) ADG + 0.2, r = 0.650, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}21$. The amount of ME requirement for suckling calves was estimated using values obtained above.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 1991

성형목탄가루 함유사료(CPD)를 급여한 밝은 대조에 비해서 분질소(FN)는 유의하게 (P＜0.05)많이 요질소(UN)는 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮게 배설하였다. 단백질 소화율은 88∼92％였으며 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮아졌으나 목초액 또는 양조식초의 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 총질소섭취량(NI)에 대한 요질소(UN/NI)와 흡수질소(AN)에 대한 요질소(UN/AN)의 비율은 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 목초액 함유사료(PWV)에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 양조식초 함유사료(PFA)에서는 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았다. 총질소 섭취량에 대한 요산태 질소(UAN/NI) 및 UAN/AN도 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 PWV에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 PFA에서는 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높아졌다. 그러나 총질소 또는 흡수된 질소에 대한 암모니아태 질소율은 대조에 비해서 실험사료를 급여하면 일반적으로 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PPA에서는 유의하게(P＜0.05) 높았고, 크레아틴 및 요소태 질소의 배설은 실험사료의 영향이 관찰되지 않았다. 에너지 소화율(DE/GE)은 80∼84％로 실험사료 사이에 유의차가 발견되지 않았으나, 대사율(ME/GE또는 MEn/GE)은 대조사료를 급여한 것에 비해서 CPD및 V를 급여하면 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PFA를 급여한 것에서는 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 한편 ME/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 PWV를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았고, MEn/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 대조 및 CPD를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았다. 이러한 대사율의 변화에 미치는 분에너지의 비율은 실험사료에 관계없이 16∼23％가 되었고, 요에너지는 2.3∼3.0％로 적었다. 그러나 대사율에 미치는 실험 사료의 영향은 분에너지의 변화보다는 주로 요에너지 변화에 기인하였고 요에너지 변화는 주로 요산에너지의 변화에 기인한다는 것이 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.976-982
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• 2007

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2008

본 시험은 옥수수 주정박(corn distiller's dried grains with solubles; DDGS)의 산란계용 배합사료에 첨가시 산란계의 생산성 및 영양소 대사율, 계분의 암모니아 발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 23주령의 Hy-line Brown 계통의 산란계 216수에 DDGS를 0% 함유한 사료를 대조구(T1)로 하고, 대조구와 동에너지(TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg)-동단백질(17.0%)이 되게끔 DDGS를 각각 10%(T2), 20%(T3) 첨가한 3가지 사료를 10주간 급이하였다. 시험설계는 3처리 6반복 반복당 12수씩 완전임의 배치법을 사용하였다. 조사항목으로 사료섭취량, 산란율, 난중 및 난생산 사료요구율, 영양소대사율 및 계분의 암모니아 발생을 측정하였다. 본 시험에서 사료섭취량, 산란율, 난중 및 난생산 사료요구율 등의 산란 생산성은 모든 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 영양소 대사율에 있어 건물의 대사율의 경우 DDGS를 첨가한 처리구들에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 조지방과 NDF의 대사율은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 가용무질소물의 대사율은 DDGS 첨가 수준이 높아질수록 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). Ca과 P의 대사율은 DDGS 첨가구들과 대조구 사이에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 계분의 암모니아 발생은 DDGS 첨가수준이 높을수록 암모니아 발생이 낮게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 산란계사료에서 DDGS를 10~20%까지 옥수수-대두박을 대체하여 사용할 경우, 건물과 NFE 대사율을 감소시키는 효과가 있지만, 산란성적에 아무런 영향이 없이 사용할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 월간양계
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• 제11권6호통권116호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolize energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713 kcal to 3.059 kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utiliztion was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily matabolizable energy of three week old brids ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but bot significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2006

본 실험은 항생제 $BMD^(R)$ premix(Bacitracin methylene disalicylate), 유기산 복합제인 $Lactacid^(R)$((주) 은진인터내셔날) 그리고 essential oil 제품인 $Immunocin^(R)$((주) 은진인터내셔날) 이 육계에 미치는 영향을 비교 평가하기 위하여 생산성, 영양소 이용율, 혈액 성상, ND titer, IgG, 그리고 장내 미생물 균총 등을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 육계 ($Ross^(R)$종) 1,000수 (암 수 각각 500수)를 공시하여 4처리 5반복, 반복당 암 수 동수로 50수씩을 floor pen(가로: 2.0m, 세로: 2.4m) 에 완전임의 배치하였다. 사양시험 기간은 35일, 시험 기간 동안 물과 사료를 자유 채식시켰고 24시간 점등하였다. 시험구는 대조구, $BMD^(R)$ premix(Bacitracin methylene disalicylate 2.5%) 0.1 % 첨가구, $Lactacid^(R)$ 0.5% 첨가구, 그리고 $Immunocin^(R)$ 0.1% 첨가구등 4첨가구를 두었다. 생산성에서 essential oil 복합제 $Immunocin^(R)$ 0.1% 첨가구가 $BMD^(R)$ 25ppm 첨가한 항생제구와 동일한 수준의 생산성 개선 효과를 보였는데 (P<0.05) 특히 사료 요구율이 유의하게 향상되었다(P<0.05). 그러나 유기산 복합제인 $Lactacid^(R)$ 0.5% 첨가구는 항생제구보다 생산성 개선 효과가 없었다. IgG 농도는 $Immunocin^(R)$구가 첨가구들 중에서 가장 높았으며(P<0.05) 혈액의 leukocytes 와 stress index는 $Immunocin^(R)$ 첨가구가 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. 장내 미생물의 Cl. perfringens 수는 첨가구간에는 유의차가 없었으며 E. coli 수는 항생제구와 $Immunocin^(R)$ 구가 가장 적었다(P<0.05). 영양소 이용 율에 있어서 조단백질은 $Lactacid^(R)$ 구와 $Immunocin^(R)$ 구 높았다(P< 0.05). NFE 이용율은 생산성 개선 효과는 없었으나 $Lactacid^(R)$ 구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 essential oil 제제인 $Immunocin^(R)$을 육계 사료의 첨가제로 사용시 항생제와 같은 수준의 생산성 개선 효과를 보였으나 유기산제제인 $Lactacid^(R)$는 대조구와 차이가 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2009

Ninety six intact male sheep (12 months old with mean live weight of about 35 kg) were used to assess the effects of restricted feeding on intake, digestion, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME). The animals were selected from two known Iranian small and large body size breeds: 48 Sangsari (S) and 48 Afshari (A), and were divided into two equal groups: restricted (R) and a control (C). Each group had 48 sheep (24 each breed). The experiment had a duration of 15 and 75 days adaptation and treatment periods, respectively. The animals were individually placed in metabolism cages and fed a diet based on pelleted concentrate mixture consisting of alfalfa, barley grain, cottonseed meal and barley straw. The animals in group C were fed ad libitum, while animals in group R were fed at maintenance level and maintained a relatively constant live weight. During the experiment, the average daily weight gain (ADG) of S and A animals in R group was 0.34 and -0.25 g/d (0.02 and -0.02 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. While that of S and A animals in C group was 174.4 and 194.4 g/d (10.16 and 11.48 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. Nitrogen (N) was determined by both measured and regression methods. Animals of R group stayed at about zero N balance (0.01 and -0.00 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A animals, respectively). The N retention of animals of both S and A breeds in C group were similar (0.45 and 0.46 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and ME requirement for maintenance (MEm) were measured by both constant weight technique and regression method by regressing N balance on DOMI and ME intake on ADG. The measured DOMI during constant weight was 24.61 and 24.27 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated DOMI from regression equation was 24.24 and 24.22 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$, for S and A animals, respectively. The measured MEm was 402 and 401 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated MEm from regression analysis was 398 and 400 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A breeds, respectively. There were no significant differences between both measured and regression techniques. There was no significant difference between S and A breeds for DOMI, N retention, MEm, digestibility and metabolizability values. Digestibility values for OM, GE and CP and metabolizability were significantly (p<0.05) higher in restricted feeding sheep compared with that of sheep fed ad libitum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.638-644
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• 2006

Sixteen adult male buffaloes (average body weight $443{\pm}14kg$) were equally distributed into four groups in an experiment to study the effect of supplementary protein sources on energy utilization efficiency in buffaloes fed a wheat straw-based diet. The animals in the control group were offered a basal diet composed of 700 g deoiled ground nut cake and ad libitum wheat straw. Animals of other groups were offered 1.8 kg of soyabean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or mustard cake (MC) along with the basal diet. Protein supplementation increased the digestibility of DM (p<0.01), OM (p<0.01) CP (p<0.01) and CF (p<0.05). Maximum CP digestibility was observed on SBM, followed by LSM and MC when compared to the control. Total DMI and DOMI was significantly (p<0.01) higher in protein supplemented groups with no differences between treatment groups. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake and N balance were significantly (p<0.01) different between the groups; maximum response was obtained with SBM supplementation, followed by LSM and MC. Faecal energy was significantly (p<0.01) lower in SBM and LSM groups in comparison to other groups. Methane production (% DEI) was significantly (p<0.05) lower on the SBM treatment. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased significantly due to protein supplementation. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of animals in the MC group was less than LSM and SBM. Energy balance was increased significantly (p<0.01) due to protein supplementation and within supplement variation was also significant with maximum balance in SBM followed by LSM and MC groups. Protein supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased the digestibility and metabolizability of energy from whole ration. Metabolizable energy (ME) content (Mcal/kg DM) of SBM, LSM and MC was 4.49, 3.56 and 2.56, respectively. It was concluded that protein supplementation of wheat straw increased intake, digestibility and metabolizability of energy and maximum response could be obtained when soybean meal was used as a supplement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 1995

This study showed that models of energy utilization(EU) developed for grazing cattle in oil palm plantations is valid as the simulated results shows an agreement with actual data of calves and cows body weight changes collected from Brahman x Kedah-Kelantan herd on Pengeli Timor Plantation. Simulation runs on EU models demonstrated that the growth pattern of male and female calves and the weight changes of cows are similar and showed slight variation from the actual data but with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Parameter values such as metabolizability (q), dry matter digestibility(DMD) of herbage and voluntary intake of grazing cattle (VIG) and faecal output/body weight ratio (F) of the animals which were collected from the field are essential in bearing the pattern of body weight changes of the calves and cows in relation to increase in time, physiological status and quality of herbage grazed by these animals in the production system. The EU models is suitable for determining the metabolizable energy requirements and to predict the production of grazing cattle according to quality of the feed on offer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 1994

This study was a sequential experiment consisting if feeding trial and in vitro culture studies. Feeding was conducted by $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design with two cimaterol levels (0, 0.25 mg/kg), two energy levels (3,200, 2,900 ME kcal/kg) and two sexes. In starting period (0-21 days) broilers were fed diets containing two energy level without dietary supplementation of cimaterol. During finishing period (21-42 days) cimaterol groups were fed cimaterol supplemented diets. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cellular metabolism of protein and fat in liver and adipose tissues prepared from chicks used in feeding trials. Body weight gain was significantly improved by the administration of cimaterol to experimental diets by 2.4% (p < 0.05). Feed intake was reduced by cimaterol administration at the high energy level, but this trend was reversed at low energy level. Feed efficiency was improved by cimaterol administration and at high energy level the difference (5.7%) was significant(p < 0.05). The administration of cimaterol had no effects on percentage of abdominal fat content, giblet and neck. There was little difference in carcass yield between control and cimaterol treated group. The administration of cimaterol had no effects on nutrient metabolizability or carcass composition. The results of in vitro studies with liver tissues showed that cimaterol increased the lipolytic activities (p < 0.05) and decreased lipogenic activities (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies with acinar cell of liver tissues. cimaterol increased the amount of retained protein and decreased secreted protein at high energy level. but the trend was opposite at low energy level.