• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12 week walking program on the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older people in rural areas. Method: A total of 31 people among the people who live within the area served by E County Community Health Practice were observed from December 5, 2006 to February 23, 2007. This group included 18 people who were identified as having metabolic syndrome on the basis of the Asia-Pacific fatness basic standard (the experimental group) and a control group of 13 people who did not have metabolic syndrome. Results: The results of the study are as follows: In the experimental group, there was no significant difference in body composition between pre and post measurement. The small change in values that were observed in the experimental group did not reach statistical significance. However, body composition values in the control group increased. In the experimental group, there were significant differences in waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-C, and fasting blood sugar between pre and post measurement. But there were no changes in the control group. There was no difference in TG in either group. As to changes in risk-factors related metabolic syndrome after the 12 week walking program, the number of risk-factors were effectively reduced in the experimental group, but not in the control group. Conclusion: According to the present study, a 12 week walking program led to significant improvement in body weight, BMI as the factors composing the body and in waist circumference, HDL-C, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar as risk-factors related to metabolic syndrome in older people in rural areas.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.621-636
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management (SMESY) program is a 1-yr lifestyle modification program targeting metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Seoul residents. This study investigated the associations between adherence to dietary guidelines and MetS among the SMESY program participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data of 54,385 participants aged 20-64 yrs who completed the SMESY program in 2015, had information on adherence to dietary guidelines, and were not medicated for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia were analyzed. Participants underwent MetS screening and completed a lifestyle questionnaire including adherence to 10 dietary guidelines before and after participation. Participants were classified according to the number of MetS risk factors at baseline (MetS group, ≥ 3; risk group, 1-2; healthy group, none). Adherence to dietary guidelines was determined from the number of "yes" responses regarding the fulfillment of each guideline on ≥ 5 days/week. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between newly diagnosed MetS and changes in adherence to dietary guidelines. RESULTS: In the MetS group, MetS prevalence decreased after the SMESY program (men, -41.9%p; women, -48.7%p), and all risk factors were significantly improved (P < 0.0001). All groups exhibited improved adherence to all dietary guidelines after participation (P < 0.0001). In the MetS group with positively changed adherence scores, the MetS prevalence decreased by -44.1%p for men and -49.5%p for women, whereas the prevalence in those with negative changes decreased by -38.1%p for men and -48.6%p for women. In the risk group, those with positively changed adherence scores had significantly decreased odds ratios (ORs) for newly diagnosed MetS compared with those with negative changes (OR, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.80 for men; OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.99 for women). CONCLUSIONS: The SMESY program may effectively reduce the risk of MetS among adults with risk factors by improving adherence to dietary guidelines.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives This study is to investigate the related factors to contribute the metabolic syndrome according to Sasang Constitution. Methods Nine hundred twenty six persons out of 1774 persons, over 40 years old, participated in community-based cohort in Wonju City of South Korea from June 2006 to August 2009. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was carried out by NCEP-ATP III(National Cholesterol Education Program in Adult Treatment Panel III) and Asian Pacific Criteria for abdominal obesity. The related factors were checked using questionnaire and blood samples. Sasang Constitution was verified by a Sasang Constitution specialist using the results of PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial pictures and simplified Sasang Constitutional questionnaires. Metabolic syndrome incidence rate according to Sasang Constitution and binary logistic regression analysis were performed with SPSS 19.0. Results Metabolic syndrome incidence rate was 30.3% and the majority of newly categorized as metabolic syndrome was Taeeumin(40.7%). There were significant risk factors like systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride and female and a significant defense factor like HDL-cholesterol. In terms of constitutional view, there were significant risk factors like waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in Soyangin, female, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride in Taeeumin, female, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in Soeumin. And there was a significant defense factor like HDL-cholesterol in only Taeeumin. Conclusions Regimens on metabolic syndrome were considered to be changed according to Sasang Constitution. Taeeumin female and Soeumin female should be cautious of body weight and metabolic syndrome when elderly. There are more cautious risk factors in each constitution; systolic blood pressure and triglyceride in Soyangin and fasting blood sugar and serum lipids levels in Soeumin and Taeeumin.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between menopausal women and women of childbearing age and to determine the risk of metabolic syndrome among women in each group depending on whether they eat alone. Methods: Data of 1,813 women from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016) were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0, and complex sample frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, complex sample cross analysis, complex sample general linear regression, and complex sample logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: According to the results of the study, there was no difference in the prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome according to the presence of companions during meals between women of childbearing age and post-menopausal women, but there was a difference in health behavior. In other words, women of childbearing age who ate alone had a lot of experience of drinking, and menopausal women who ate alone did not tend to make any efforts to control their weight and did not perform aerobic exercise. In particular, the negative health behavior of menopausal women who ate alone increased the risk of prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The findings indicate that, for women who eat alone, interventions to prevent metabolic syndrome should be differentiated before and after menopause. Therefore, it is suggested to offer an educational program to prevent metabolic syndrome in women of childbearing age as well as provide regular assessments to diagnose metabolic syndrome and health behavior improvement programs for menopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome and the annual medical expenditures of metabolic syndrome among public officials. Methods: The National Health Insurance data in 2009 were collected for 364,932 public officials and the heath examination results and annual medical expenditures were analyzed using PASW 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 17.6%, and it was higher in male officials than that of females in all age groups. In men, the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome were: age, family history of stroke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and obesity. However, in women, health-related behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise did not affect metabolic syndrome. People who had metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher medical expenditures than those without metabolic syndrome. The odds ratios of having the highest quartile in medical expenditures were 1.372 (95% CI 1.252~1.504, p<.001) in women with metabolic syndrome and 1.213 (95% CI: 1.184~1.243, p<.001) in men. Conclusion: The results implied that health-related behaviors were associated with metabolic syndrome, and resulted in higher medical expenditures. In order not only to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome but also reduce medical expenditures, nurses should plan health promotion strategies to educate public officials about healthy life strategies.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.129-143
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• 2009

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify prevalence and related factors of the elderly, who took health examination, with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The health examination and lifestyle survey were performed for 21,512 adults at 60 years of age or older who took health examination in H health promotion center during January-March 2009. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome for the subject was 24.0%. Of the subject with metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of the diseases was obesity 60%, abdominal obesity 78.5%, hypertension 82.6%, dyslipidemia 89.7% and diabetes 51.9%. In comparison of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and other diseases, the male subject with metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in BMI, waist circumference, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GTP, TG, AC glucose, creatinine than normal male(p<0.001). In comparison of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and lifestyle, more drinking frequency and amount in male and more drinking frequency in female were associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome(p<0.01). Regardless of exercise intensity, practice of exercise contributed to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome(p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, TLC program, focused on lifestyle behaviors which is strongly associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, should be developed for the improvement of life quality in the elderly with metabolic syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.525-537
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between white rice and Kimchi intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean adults. Methods: Dietary intake and health data of 8289 subjects aged 19 years and over from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used. Daily total intake of white rice and Kimchi was assessed by 24-hour recall data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of Mets according to the daily intake of white rice and Kimchi. Results: The highest intake of white rice and Kimchi was associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (Q1 vs Q5, multivariable adjusted OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03-2.03) in women. In addition, a significantly increased risk of elevated blood pressure (multivariable adjusted P for trend 0.0459) was associated with a higher intake of white rice and Kimchi in women. There was no significant trend in the risk of metabolic syndrome according to the intake of white rice and Kimchi in men. Conclusions: A higher intake of white rice and Kimchi was only associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in women indicating it is necessary to consume more various food groups beside white rice and Kimchi, especially in women.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.138-152
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• 2005

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to investigate the definition, components, prevalence, and associated factors of metabolic syndrome and suggest the management strategies for workers. Method: This study was conducted by literature review. Results: Metabolic syndrome by the NCEP-ATP III is the clustering of three or more of five conditions: abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high glucose(blood sugar). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by modified NCEP-ATP III in South Korean workers was about 20 to 25%. Metabolic syndrome is caused by many associated factors, namely, age, family history, socioeconomic status, job strain, shift work, psychosocial distress, bad health behaviprs and so on. Conclusions: To prevent metabolic syndrome at worksites, multifactorial risk factor assessments and preventive approaches are required. Socioeconomic factors such as education, working status should be nationally importantly considered for the health inequality of workers. Occupational health nurse, at first, can start weight control, smoking cessation program. stress management, the improvement of work environment. Next stage, early diagnosis and treatment for metabolic risk group can be performed.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with various metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. This suggests that NAFLD may represent the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated unfavorable effects NAFLD on components of metabolic syndrome in post-menopause women. Eight hundred sixty-nine postmenopausal women were recruited for this study. The diagnosis of fatty liver was based on the results of abdominal ultrasonography. Serum levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol were measured. The prevalence of component of metabolic syndrome such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low-HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in subjects with NAFLD as compared with those without NAFLD. The moderate to severe grade of NAFLD presented higher levels of serum fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and triglycerides than the mild NAFLD and the normal group. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome risk was increased in post-menopause women with NAFLD as compared with those without NAFLD. The severity of NAFLD affected metabolic syndrome risk factors. The optimal strategy for the treatment of NAFLD is likely to include lifestyle modifications and therapy to improve insulin resistance.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

Pulse pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between pulse pressure and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. The study subjects were 8,439 adults aged 40 to 64 years, who underwent health screening examination from January 2012 to December 2014 at the Health Promotion Center of one hospital in Gyeonggi-do for general health check-up. They include the metabolic syndrome absent group (Absent, n=3,078), the pre-metabolic syndrome group (Pre-MetS, n=4,242) and the metabolic syndrome group (MetS, n=1,119). Progressive increase in pulse pressure was demonstrated for increasing components of the metabolic syndrome (P<0.001). The pulse pressure according to the degree of the metabolic syndrome was higher in the pre-MetS and MetS groups compared to the Absent group (P<0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity positively correlated with pulse pressure (P<0.001).