• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.93-100
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• 2016

Purpose - This study examines lenders' reactions to M&A, based on the strength of the lender-borrower relationship and the lender's expectations of the potential benefits or risks of the deal. Research design, data, and methodology - This research addresses the lender's influence on the implementation stage of a large-scale strategic action such as M&A to understand the motivation and dynamics of lenders' responses and empirically examines how the lender-borrower relationship influences the focal firm's merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions, using data on 501 M&A deals in Japan from 1990 to 2010. Results - The presented analysis found that lenders that have a strong lender-borrower relationship, especially those showing a high debt equity ratio, support borrowers' M&A progress and the target firm's lenders resist the deal progressing and may raise the acquisition premium if their current power relative to borrowers is weak. Conclusions - Stakeholders including lenders do not favor strategies of focal firms that threaten their future benefits, while they also tend to estimate the potential benefits and losses by comparing their current circumstances with those of other stakeholders. The empirical results of the presented analysis help explain the mechanism of lenders' reactions and offer insights into the power of a closer and stronger lender-borrower relationship.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-89
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• 2014

While the current consensus view holds that galaxy mergers are commonplace, it is sometimes speculated that Globular Clusters (GCs) may also have undergone merging events, possibly resulting in massive objects with a strong metallicity spread such as Omega Centauri. Galaxies are mostly far, unresolved systems whose mergers are most likely wet, resulting in observational as well as modeling difficulties, but GCs are resolved into stars that can be used as discrete dynamical tracers, and their mergers might have been dry, therefore easily simulated with an N-body code. It is however difficult to determine the observational parameters best suited to reveal a history of merging based on the positions and kinematics of GC stars, if evidence of merging is at all observable. To overcome this difficulty, we investigate the applicability of supervised and unsupervised machine learning to the automatic reconstruction of the dynamical history of a stellar system. In particular we test whether statistical clustering methods can classify simulated systems into monolithic versus merger products. We run direct N-body simulations of two identical King-model clusters undergoing a head-on collision resulting in a merged system, and other simulations of isolated King models with the same total number of particles as the merged system. After several relaxation times elapse, we extract a sample of snapshots of the sky-projected positions of particles from each simulation at different dynamical times, and we run a variety of clustering and classification algorithms to classify the snapshots into two subsets in a relevant feature space.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.42.2-42.2
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• 2014

We investigate the history of formation of ~400 galaxies in four Abell clusters at 0.04

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.49-49
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• 2014

Blue Compact Dwarf galaxies (BCDs) are low-mass galaxies with recently enhanced star formation activity. Since the discovery of old stellar population in the BCDs, a number of hypotheses have been suggested as the origin of the current active star formation. One theory is tidal interactions such as fly-by and merger. In this study we test this hypothesis using a pair of BCDs, ESO 435-IG20 and ESO 435-IG16 that are separate by only ~80 kpc in projection at a similar redshift (at a ~9 Mpc distance). In the HIPASS survey, intergalactic atomic hydrogen envelope has been found to be covering both galaxies, making the pair a good candidate for the case where the star formation has been triggered by tidal interaction. We probe the gas morphology and kinematics of the BCD pair using ATCA HI data in order to find the evidence of tidal interaction. We also estimate star formation rates in the pair based on Ha emission and UV continuum, and compare with other dwarf galaxies to investigate how responsible the tidal interaction is for the enhanced star formation in this case.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.343-360
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to conduct the mobile OK test which means the web accessibility evaluation tool and to evaluate the public libraries' mobile web services. For this purpose, 81 public libraries were tested and analysed in Mobile Web Best Practices presented by W3C. The results of this study indicate the following several strategies: Support by local governments and provincial education offices, Design mobile web services corresponding with web standards, Removal of harmful elements in the web design process, Making simple mobile web documents, A merger of individual files. The findings of this study expect to expand and improve the public library mobile web services for future.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.147-154
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• 2002

In this paper, we investigated the effects of response technique which uses free tokens in the computer training for the mentally retarded person. We set wrong line entering. wrong space number entering, wrong line-type designation and wrong cell merger as the target behaviors in the research. The experiment period of the research was 36 sessions altogether, and the period was divided into four steps such as basic period I. treatment period I, basic period II, and treatment period II. We also conducted a follow up experiment to identify whether the experiment's effect is still maintained two weeks after the experiment finished. We know that the response cost technique which uses free tokens to the mentally retarded person is efficient in the computer training.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-109
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• 2002

본 연구는 우리나라에서 합병공시에 따른 주주부의 변화를 설명해 주는 요인을 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 1981. 1-2000. 12 기간 동안 합병을 공시한 300개 기업 중 엄격한 표본 선정과정을 거쳐 73개 합병제의 기업과 30개 합병대상 기업을 대상으로 공시전 (-)10일부터 공시후 (+)1일까지의 누적초과수익률 $CAR_{(-10,\;+1)}$을 종속변수로, 합병상대방의 경영성과, 상대적 규모, 합병유형, 해당기업과 상대방 기업의 부채의존도, 주식교환비율, 두 기업간 기존관계, IMF사태 전후기간 구분, 그리고 시황 등을 독립변수로 한 회귀분석을 하였다. 분석결과 합병제의 기업보다는 합병대상 기업의 주주부 변화를 잘 설명해 주는 요인들이 더 많이 발견되었다. 합병제의 기업은 자신의 공시전 부채의존도가 높을수록, 30대 재벌 소속내 기업간 합병에서, 그리고 IMF사태 이후 기간에서 합병공시에 따라 주주부가 더 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 한편 합병대상 기업은 상대방 합병기업의 공시전 경영성과가 양호할수록, 자신의 공시전 부채의존도가 높을수록, 30대 재벌 소속내 기업간, 다각적 합병에서, IMF사태 이후기간에, 그리고 강세시장일 때 주주부가 더 많이 증가한 것으로 확인되었다.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2013

This study investigates dialectal differences in the acoustic properties of Korean lenis, aspirated, and tense stops Seoul Korean (standard Korean) and Yanbian Korean (spoken in the largest Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China). This production study the main acoustic cues that each dialect uses to mark the laryngeal distinction between the three types of Korean stops. Measurements included VOT, and the initial F0 of the following vowel. Data collected from 10 young Seoul Korean speakers, 10 young Yanbian Korean speakers, and 6 older Yanbian speakers. two key findings: First, aspirated and lenis stops are mainly differentiated by F0 in Seoul Korean, and by $H1^*-H2^*$ in Yanbian Korean. Second, there is no VOT merger between lenis and aspirated stops in Yanbian Korean, whereas there is in Seoul Korean. These results are discussed in terms of the phenomenon of VOT shift and the function of F0t is argued that the function of F0 to substitute for VOT difference as a primary cue for the coding of laryngeal contrast can be predicted by the pitch accent system of the language involved.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1992

A velocity inhomogeneity, which is the regional preponderence of either radial or tangential orbits, is searched with the new technique proposed by Kim (1992) for Coma, Hydra I, and Abell 2256 cluster of galaxies. Conspicuous inhomogeneities are found in the Coma and A2256 which X-ray isophotes are indicative for their underlying potentials being ellipitcal in shape, Even in their central regions, zones that are dominated by radial orbits are clearly distinguishable from that of the tangential orbits, and defining the cluster 'equator' as the direction of maximum elongation of the X-ray isophotes, radial orbits dominate along this direction whereas tangential orbits dominate the 'polar' zones. Merger events that are evidenced in X-ray observations occur in the equatorial zones of Coma and A2256, suggesting preponderence of radial orbits in the zones, which is in good agreement with their velocity structures. On the other hand, the inhomogeneity in Hydra I turns out to be insignificant in the central regions and this is just what is expected from a cluster whose X-ray isophotes is nearly circular. The velocity distribution in regions further out, however, shows significant inhomogeneity and this seems to support the previous results that this cluster is likely to have substructures and velocity anisotropy.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.47.2-47.2
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• 2012

Using deep images taken at Maidanak 1.5m telescope, at McDonald 2.1m telescope and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Dupont 2.5m telescope we investigated the fraction of merging galaxies in hosts of 39 AGN which are brighter than M = -22 mag and nearer than z = 0.3. We found that 16 to 17 of 39 AGN host galaxies show the evidence of mergers like tidal tail, shell via careful visual inspection. We also studied with the merging fraction of a control sample, SDSS Stripe82 early type galaxies of which surface brightness limit and bulge magnitude are similar to that of the AGN sample. We found that merging fraction of the AGN sample is higher than that of early type galaxy samples in the whole range of bulge magnitude. This result implies that AGN activity may be correlated with merging. We also investigated the detailed morphology of merging feature. At least - 1/4 of control samples classified as a tidal and tidal+dust are shell structures. On the other hand only one (5.9%) of AGN sample classified as merger shows shell structures, and almost all merging AGNs show tidal tail features. From point of view that tidal tail may be at the early stage of merging, and shell may be at the late stage of mergers, this result suggests that AGN might be evolved into early-type galaxies after merging.