• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.32.2-32.2
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• 2021

Radio relics, Mpc-size elongated diffuse radio emissions found at galaxy cluster outskirts, are known as the result of shock acceleration during the cluster merger. Theories have claimed that low Mach number shocks are too inefficient to create the observed properties of radio relics. Alternative scenarios such as fossil cosmic ray electrons (CRes) from AGNs are required to explain the observations. However, how exactly the fossil CRes from AGNs can supply the Mpc-size radio relic is still an open question. In this study, we present our recent uGMRT radio observation results of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 514. We found three remarkable AGN jet tails that may have undergone multiple reorientations and extend nearly 800 kpc. Using multi-frequency data, we have performed spectral analysis along the AGN tails and track how the tails lose or gain energy as they propagate in the intracluster medium. We will discuss whether these AGN jets can provide sufficient seed CRes to radio relics.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.29.2-29.2
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• 2021

Intracluster light (ICL) is composed of the stars diffused throughout the galaxy cluster but does not bound to any galaxy. The ICL is a ubiquitous feature of galaxy clusters and occupies a significant fraction of the total stellar mass in the cluster. Therefore, the ICL components are believed to help understand the formation and evolution of the clusters. However, in the numerical study, one needs to perform the high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, which require an expensive calculation, to trace these low-surface brightness structures (LSB). Here, we introduce the Galaxy Replacement Technique (GRT) that focuses on implementing the gravitational evolution of the diffused ICL structures without the expensive baryonic physics. The GRT reproduces the ICL structures by a multi-resolution cosmological N-body re-simulation using a full merger tree of the cluster from a low-resolution DM-only cosmological simulation and an abundance matching model. Using the GRT, we show the preliminary results about the evolution of the ICL in the on-going simulations for the various clusters.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.29.3-29.3
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• 2021

Globular clusters (GCs) form at the very early stage of galaxy formation, and thus can be used as an important clue indicating the environment of the galaxy formation era. Although various GC formation scenarios have been suggested, they have not been examined in the cosmological context. Here we introduce the 'particle tagging method' in order to investigate the formation scenarios of GCs in a galaxy cluster. This method is able to trace the evolution of GCs that form in the dark matter halos which undergo the hierarchical merging events in galaxy cluster environments with an effective computational time. For this we use dark matter merger trees from the cosmological N-body simulation. Finally, we would like to find out the best GC formation scenario which can explain the observational properties of GCs in galaxy clusters.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.45.2-45.2
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• 2021

Merging of two supermassive black holes would generate gravitational waves that can be detected by the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) in the nHz band. In order to assess the plausibility of GW detection with PTA and to develop the data analysis scheme, it is important to understand the underlying properties of black holes and black hole binaries. In this work, we present mass and redshift distributions of black hole mergers using the Horizon Run 5 (HR5) data and discuss their implications for GW detection. We find a general conjecture about the black hole merger tree is true with the Horizon Run 5. For example, a) relatively lighter black holes merge at higher redshifts and b) binary mergers do contribute to the formation of more massive black holes toward low redshifts. We also present our plan to use the black hole properties extracted from the HR5 data in order to generate simulated GW signals to be injected into actual PTA data analysis pipelines. Mass and distance obtained from the HR5 would be key ingredients to generate a more realistic PTA source data set.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2012

M&A 과정, 특히 인수 후 통합에 관한 기존의 연구는 내부 조직의 통합에 중점을 두어 왔는데, 본 연구는 백화점 간의 인수합병 과정에서 브랜드 네임 및 회원 제도의 통합 사례에 대한 분석을 통해 양사의 브랜드와 고객의 통합 과정이 어떻게 이루어지며, 그 과정에서 무엇이 중요한지를 보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 유통학문의 연구방법론 중 규범적 연구방법론이나 경험적 분석기법에 적용되는 사례연구의 접근법을 적용하여, 인수합병을 통해 두 회사의 브랜드 네임과 회원 제도를 통합한 기업을 선정하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 인수합병 과정의 브랜드와 고객 측면의 통합을 위해서는 양사의 브랜드 및 고객 관리 현황에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 주요 통합 영역을 설정하여 고객과 기업의 양쪽 측면에서 의사결정을 고려해야 한다는 것, 통합의 목표를 단기적인 사업 효율성 추구가 아니라 장기적인 브랜드 파워와 구체적인 시너지 등으로 추구해야 한다는 것, 브랜드의 통합과 회원 제도의 통합은 사업 전략과 마케팅 프로그램 등의 변화를 유발하기 때문에 구체적인 후속 프로그램이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 단일 기업을 대상으로 한 서술식 사례 연구라는 한계가 있어, 향후에는 복수 기업들의 비교분석적 연구나 브랜드 및 고객 통합 관련 이론들을 체계적인 분석의 틀로 이용하는 연구 등이 필요할 것이다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.143-164
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• 2016

본고는 계약의 형식요건과 관련한 PICC상의 서면요건, 특정사항에 및 특정형식에 의한 합의를 조건으로 하는 계약의 성립, 일부의 계약조건이 의도적으로 미정인 계약, 통합조항, 특정형식에 의한 변경 등에 관한 법적 기준과 판결례를 통해 법적 시사점과 유의점을 추론한 논문이다. 승낙의 의사표시에 있어 계약교섭단계에서의 합의를 기초로 서면확약조건과 다른 추가 또는 변경사항은 계약의 일부를 구성하며, 서면확약의 수령자가 침묵과 무위에 임한 경우 당초 합의내용을 중대하게 변경하지 않는 한, 이는 승낙으로 취급된다. 다만 수령인이 부당한 지체 없이 그 조건에 반대하지 않아야 한다. 계약교섭 단계에서 일방이 특정사항 또는 형식으로 합의되기까지 계약이 체결되지 아니한다고 선언한 경우 특정사항 또는 특정형식으로 합의가 이루어지지 않는 한 계약은 체결되지 아니한다. 계약당사자가 계약체결의 의도를 가지고 일부 미결정내용을 추후 합의하거나 또는 제3자가 결정하도록 한 경우 이는 계약의 성립에 영향을 미치지 아니한다. 중대하지 않은 사안, 합의내용의 확정성 정도, 미결정내용의 성격상 추후 확정될 수 있는 사항과 연관되어 있다는 사실, 합의사항이 일부 이행과정에 있다는 사실 등이 결정기준으로 기능한다. 또한 서면에 의해 계약을 체결한 당사자는 추후 계약의 수정 또는 종료가 서면 또는 특정형식에 의한다는 사실을 확약할 목적으로 특별조항을 계약내용에 포함할 수 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2017

Background: In this study, we investigated how to convert the Panax ginseng DNA sequence code and chemical fingerprints into a two-dimensional code. In order to improve the compression efficiency, GATC2Bytes and digital merger compression algorithms are proposed. Methods: HPLC chemical fingerprint data of 10 groups of P. ginseng from Northeast China and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence code as the DNA sequence code were ready for conversion. In order to convert such data into a two-dimensional code, the following six steps were performed: First, the chemical fingerprint characteristic data sets were obtained through the inflection filtering algorithm. Second, precompression processing of such data sets is undertaken. Third, precompression processing was undertaken with the P. ginseng DNA (ITS2) sequence codes. Fourth, the precompressed chemical fingerprint data and the DNA (ITS2) sequence code were combined in accordance with the set data format. Such combined data can be compressed by Zlib, an open source data compression algorithm. Finally, the compressed data generated a two-dimensional code called a quick response code (QR code). Results: Through the abovementioned converting process, it can be found that the number of bytes needed for storing P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can be greatly reduced. After GTCA2Bytes algorithm processing, the ITS2 compression rate reaches 75% and the chemical fingerprint compression rate exceeds 99.65% via filtration and digital merger compression algorithm processing. Therefore, the overall compression ratio even exceeds 99.36%. The capacity of the formed QR code is around 0.5k, which can easily and successfully be read and identified by any smartphone. Conclusion: P. ginseng chemical fingerprints and its DNA (ITS2) sequence code can form a QR code after data processing, and therefore the QR code can be a perfect carrier of the authenticity and quality of P. ginseng information. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of a quality traceability system of traditional Chinese medicine based on a two-dimensional code.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.681-701
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• 2009

본고는 1912년부터 부산에 존재했던 경남(구포)은행, 동래은행과 부산상업은행이 매수 합병된 1935년경까지 은행의 설립과 경영상의 특징, 합병과정과 이를 통해서 나타난 조선총독부의 은행합병 정책의 성격 등을 살펴보고자 했다. 이세 은행의 대주주나 경영자들은 자신들의 기업체 운영에 은행 자금을 이용하려 했다. 1919년대에 들어서 영업부진에 빠진 경남은행은 1928년에 대구은행과 합병하여 대구상공은행이 되었고, 1928년의 개정된 은행령에 규정된 자본금 200만 원을 채우지 못한 동래은행은 광주의 호남은행에, 부산상업은행은 부실대출이 화근이 되어 1935년에 일본인이 소유-지배하는 조선상업은행에 흡수되었다. 부산의 금융계는 경기변동에 효과적으로 대응하지 못했거나 총독부에 대해 자신의 이해를 대변해 줄 경제단체를 전혀 갖추지 못했고, 조선총독부는 은행 합병을 통해서 식민지 경제에 대한 통제력를 강화해갔다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-69
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• 2014

The impact of competition on pricing has been studied in the context of counterfactual merger analyses where expected optimal prices in a hypothetical monopoly are compared with observed prices in an oligopolistic market. Such analyses would typically assume static decision making by consumers and firms and thus have been applied mostly to data obtained from consumer packed goods such as cereal and soft drinks. However such static modeling approach is not suitable when decision makers are forward looking. When it comes to the markets for durable products with indirect network effects, consumer purchase decisions and firm pricing decisions are inherently dynamic as they take into account future states when making purchase and pricing decisions. Researchers need to take into account the dynamic aspects of decision making both in the consumer side and in the supplier side for such markets. Firms in a two-sided market typically subsidize one side of the market to exploit the indirect network effect. Such pricing behaviors would be more prevalent in competitive markets where firms would try to win over the battle for standard. While such qualitative expectation on the relationship between pricing behaviors and competitive structures could be easily formed, little empirical studies have measured the extent to which the distinct pricing structure in two-sided markets depends on the competitive structure of the market. This paper develops an empirical model to measure the impact of competition on optimal pricing of durable products under indirect network effects. In order to measure the impact of exogenously determined competition among firms on pricing, we compare the equilibrium prices in the observed oligopoly market to those in a hypothetical monopoly market. In computing the equilibrium prices, we account for the forward looking behaviors of consumers and supplier. We first estimate a demand function that accounts for consumers' forward-looking behaviors and indirect network effects. And then, for the supply side, the pricing equation is obtained as an outcome of the Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium in pricing. In doing so, we utilize numerical dynamic programming techniques. We apply our model to a data set obtained from the U.S. video game console market. The video game console market is considered a prototypical case of two-sided markets in which the platform typically subsidizes one side of market to expand the installed base anticipating larger revenues in the other side of market resulting from the expanded installed base. The data consist of monthly observations of price, hardware unit sales and the number of compatible software titles for Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 from September 1996 to August 2002. Sony PlayStation was released to the market a year before Nintendo 64 was launched. We compute the expected equilibrium price path for Nintendo 64 and Playstation for both oligopoly and for monopoly. Our analysis reveals that the price level differs significantly between two competition structures. The merged monopoly is expected to set prices higher by 14.8% for Sony PlayStation and 21.8% for Nintendo 64 on average than the independent firms in an oligopoly would do. And such removal of competition would result in a reduction in consumer value by 43.1%. Higher prices are expected for the hypothetical monopoly because the merged firm does not need to engage in the battle for industry standard. This result is attributed to the distinct property of a two-sided market that competing firms tend to set low prices particularly at the initial period to attract consumers at the introductory stage and to reinforce their own networks and eventually finally to dominate the market.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

근래에 우리나라의 태안앞바다의 유조선 기름유출사고, 질산 2000톤 실은 선박 침몰, 국보1호인 숭례문 화재등 많은 재난이 발생하여 수많은 사상자가 발생하였다. 이에 따라 재해에 대한 대비와 재난이 발생하였을 때의 신속한 정보전달이 중요한 요인이 되었다. 따라서 재해를 감지한 관측지에서 재난의 영향이 우려되는 지역으로의 신속한 정보 전달체계를 확립하고, 국가통합무선통신망을 구축시스템 개발함으로써 재해 피해로 인한 국민의 재산과 생명의 손실을 최소화 하는데 이바지 하고자 한다.