• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 1996

Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection ＆ analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss ＆ Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 1996

Many eastern females concern themselves about the condition and the color of their skin. The purpose of the present study is to classify the skin trouble and the change of the facial color due to hormonal cycle in female. We examined the actual cricumstances by questionnaires, and made patch tests of methyl nicotinate, representing rubefacient, to estimate the epidermal penetratin rate, and measured the facial color change during the menstrual cycle period to invest the correlation factors between skin trouble due to cosmetics and facial color change. Fifty-two percent of subjects had skin trouble relating to cosmetics. One second of subjects with skin trouble due to cosmetic complained the change of sysptom by menstrual cycle. The changes of systptom were related on premenstrual period. The skin trouble developed mainly on the first trimester of the pregnancy. In patch test of methyl nicotinate, most cases showed decreased threshold of the reaction on minstruation, and other cases showed increased reactivity of the skin of menstruation. In facial color measurements, it proves in the appearance of red spot, darkness, increasing the value and turning the hue to yellowish, Also it demonstrates that premenstruation hue turn red and value level decrease. During the period, facial color turns pale and hue progress to yellow. This fact coincides with the questionnaire. We have quqntified through questionnaire, which demonstrates it has good correlation with done to the subjects among the internal environment factors hormonal cycle influences the facial color change and the skin trouble due to cosmetics. Through this paper the development of an more fragmented make-up and skin care products is required to increase the interest to females, to make true the creation of beauty.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.162-175
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• 1999

The study was intended to investigate and explore the preimenstrual symptoms, their severity levels, their patterns and the relationships of the age to those symptoms and patterns among Korean women. The data were collected from 844 women in one highschool, one Nursing college and one Korea National Open University in Seoul, from Nov, 1997 to Jun. 1998. The instruments were the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire developed by Chesney and the Center for Epidemiologic studies Depression scale developed by Radloff. the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, $X^2$-test, simple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis using pc-SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. Korean women had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and backache in perimenstrual period. There Teenages had more symptoms of depression and uterine cramps in the day before or the first day of menstruation. Women in their twenties had more symptoms of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort, backache, abdominal bloating and the sensitiveness /discomforts in the lower back, abdomen and inner part of thighs. women in their thirties had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, tension and nervousness before the menstruation, abdominal discomfort and backpain in the first day of menstruation. Women in their forties had more symptoms of backache, breast discomforts, abdominal pain and discomforts. 2. The severity levels of the perimenstrual symptoms showed the highest score(mean=2.73) in twenties and the lowest score)mean=1.96) in forties The perimenstrual symptom patterns were prevailed the spasmodic menstrual symptoms in teenage and twenties and the congestive menstrual symptoms in thirties and forties. The age was a determinant of perimenstrual symptom patterns and the precipitative equation was log[p(age)/(1-p(age)]=2.7356-0.0982 age. 3. The relationship of the age to perimenstrual symptoms was vanished or lessened, controlling for parity as a test factor. this finding supports the notion that parity is an extraneous variable.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

Objectives : To review to determine difference in the effect of age, gender, location of electrode, test meal and period of recording that influence Electrogastrography (EGG) parameters and to study its oriental medical application. Methods : We investigate the research results through internet search engines, Pub Med, Karger, Mary Ann Libert and Pro Quest. Results : Age and gender influence postprandial Dominant Frequency Instability Coefficient (DFIC). Body mass index (BMI) influence fasting and postprandial EGG parameters. Menstrual cycle phase influence fasting Dominant Frequency (DF). Test meal volume and composition influence postprandial EGG parameters. But reduced-calorie test meal have no effect on EGG parameters. Conclusions : Because the amplitude of surface-recorded SW(slow wave) is very weak, EGG is influenced by many factors. Age, gender, BMI, menstrual cycle phase, test meal volume and test meal composition influence EGG parameters. but reduced-calorie test meal have no effect on EGG parameters.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2011

This study is a bibliographic search about completion and maintenance of pregnancy. In oriental medicine, there is a proper temper and appearance that encourages optimal pregnancy. Invigoration of sperm is important for males to have descendants, and regulation of menstrual disturbances is necessary for female to have descendants. It is not good for both male and female to engage in sexual intercourse too often. Male and female shall have sexual intercourse. When they feel the connection, mind and body are sound, weather is fine, and they take position at ease. Previous studies on pregnancy describe minutely process of fetus's growth until the fifth month, and suggest the rules of fetus's health according to fetal development. Therefore, it is important to prevent acquiring diseases during pregnancy. Female needs to be careful and restful in the early stage of pregnancy. In the late period of pregnancy, she needs to be active.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2023

Objectives: This review aimed to present the characteristics of dysmenorrhea patients visiting a Korean Medicine hospital. Methods: One hundred thirteen dysmenorrhea patients visiting a Korean Medicine hospital from 2017 to 2021 were studied. We evaluated the general characteristics, type of dysmenorrhea, menstrual characteristics and overall therapies. Results: The average age of the 113 subjects was 29.4 years old, with 38.1% in their 20s and 25.7% in their 30s. The average pain intensity was NRS 7.5, and the menstrual pain severity of 79.6% of the subjects was grade 2 or 3. The types of dysmenorrhea were classified as primary dysmenorrhea in 62.0% and secondary dysmenorrhea in 38.1%. The average treatment period of the patients was 1-2 months in most cases (44.25%). The most common treatment method was herbal medicine. Conclusions: We figured out the status of dysmenorrhea patients and treatment in a Korean medicine hospital.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2010

Purpose: To estimate the effect of oriental treatment on recurrent pregnancy loss, a retrospective analysis was done. Methods: Sixty-eight pregnant women at the $\bigcirc\bigcirc$ oriental clinic, Korea, from January 2005 to May 2009 diagnosed as recurrent pregnancy loss were included in this study. The sixty-eight patients received oriental treatment such as acupuncture, moxibution, herbal acupuncture and herbal prescriptions, divided into two groups: Group A- live birth(N=58) and Group B- abortion(N=10). The maternal age, parity, menstrual history, gynecological history and period of treatment were compared. To find out factors affecting the success of birth, we performed binary logistic regression analysis(SPSS ver. 14.0 for windows). Results: The live birth rate was 85.3%. The maternal age, parity, menstrual history, gynecological history and period of treatment were not different between two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factors predicting the occurrence of miscarriage were advanced maternal age(${\geq}35$)(P=0.005, Odds Ratio[OR]=3.809, 95% Confidence Interval[95%CI]: 1.514-9.585) and suffering from gynecological problems(P=0.044, OR=4.048, 95%CI: 1.037-15.801). Conclusions: The results suggest that oriental treatment has effectiveness on recurrent pregnancy loss. Further study will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-23
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• 2001

This study was done to provide basic data on prevention of breast cancer by identifying and analyzing risk factors for breast cancer in Korean women. The data were collected from three hospitals. The data from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1997 was based on the patient recordings and personal contacts if possible. Data from 1998 to 1999 was collected from 280 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed as breast cancer. From this data, information about the risk factors of breast cancer could be acquired. The factors are scaled according to the degree of risk. Menstrual history, obstetrical history, family history. lactation period, life style were given 5 point, and body mass index was given 4 point. Using one-way ANOVA. the most important risk factors were identified and analyzed by multiple regression. The conclusion of this study are as follows : General factors which would show an effect on the results of the multiple regression included risk factors such as menstrual history, obstetrical history, lactation period, family history, and life style factors including mortal state, monthly income, educational level, job and age. Family history(R=0.481) was found to be the highest risk factor(23.1%) affecting breast cancer risk. The next factors were dying hair(R=0.603), drinking(R=0.846), body mass index(R=0.885), smoking(R=0.916), age of menopause(R=0.937), pregnancy age of first full-term(R=0.957), eating vegetable(R=0.980) and the number of full term pregnancies in that order. The sum total(R=0.986) of all the above factors accounted for 97.3% of the risk of breast cancer for Korean women. In conclusion, it was found that family history and dyeing hair were the highest risk factors for breast cancer. It is recommended that those with a family history of breast cancer should have regular breast examinations, and those who often dye their hair should reconsider this practice.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

$^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT has been known a useful modality to diagnose high-glucose-using cells such as cancer cells by glucose metabolism of FDG. Mainly, FDG takes on cancer and inflammatory cells; however, there have been FDG uptakes on normal tissues by individual physiological characteristics, occasionally. Especially, in fertile females, unusual FDG uptake of breast changes as the menstrual cycle, and disturb diagnosis. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the change of breast FDG uptake in menstrual cycle on $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT. 160 females ($34{\pm}3.5$ years old) who do not undergo a gynecologic anamnesis and have regular menstrual cycle over the previous 6 months were examined. They were divided 4 groups (each 40 patients) as flow phase, proliferative phase, ovulatory phase and secretory phase using Pregnancy Calculator 0.14. and history taking. Discovery Ste (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Mi, USA) was used a s PET/CT. We analyzed SUVs on accumulated region on breast, and 3 nuclear medicine specialists did the Blind test. SUVs on the Breast were flow phase ($1.64{\pm}0.25$), proliferative phase ($0.93{\pm}0.28$), ovulatory phase ($1.66{\pm}0.26$) and secretory phase ($1.77{\pm}0.28$). It showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). In gross analysis, the accumulation of breast was divided into 3 grades as comparing with lung and liver. The breast's uptake was equal to lung (Grade I); between lung and liver (Grade II); equal to or greater than liver (Grade III). The results showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). In fertile females, FDG uptake of breast changed as menstrual cycle, and it available to diagnose breast disease. Therefore, we consider reducing false-negative finding of breast disease, by doing examination on appropriate period through history taking about individual menstrual cycle.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2011

Purpose: $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT has been known a useful modality to diagnose high-glucose-using cells such as cancer cells by glucose metabolism of FDG. Mainly, FDG takes on cancer and inflammatory cells; However, There have been FDG uptakes on normal tissues by individual physiological characteristics, occasionally. Especially, in fertile females, unusual FDG uptake of breast changes as the menstrual cycle, and disturb diagnosis. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the change of breast FDG uptake in menstrual cycle on $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT. Materials and Methods: 160 females ($34{\pm}3.5$ years old) who do not undergo a gynecologic anamnesis and have regular menstrual cycle over the previous 6 months were examined, from March 2009 to February 2010. They were divided 4 groups (each 40 patients) as flow phase, proliferative phase, ovulatory phase and secretory phase using Pregnancy Calculator 0.14. and history taking. Discovery Ste (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Mi, USA) was used as PET/CT. We analyzed SUVs on accumulated region on breast, and 3 nuclear medicine specialists did the Blind test. Results: SUVs on the Breast were flow phase ($1.64{\pm}0.25$), proliferative phase ($0.93{\pm}0.28$), ovulatory phase ($1.66{\pm}0.26$) and secretory phase ($1.77{\pm}0.28$). It showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). In gross analysis, the accumulation of breast was divided into 3 grades as comparing with lung and liver. The breast's uptake was equal to lung (Grade I); between lung and liver (Grade II); equal to or greater than liver (Grade III). The results showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). Conclusion: In fertile females, FDG uptake of breast changed as menstrual cycle, and it available to diagnose breast disease. Therefore, we consider reducing false-negative finding of breast disease, by doing examination on appropriate period through history taking about individual menstrual cycle.