• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.393-425
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• 2019

This paper focuses on Alain Resnais's representative works (1955), (1959), and (1963), and analyzes how he implements a representation of memory though cinematic apparatus. These three films deal with horrific memories that seem impossible to reproduce aesthetically such as the Holocaust, the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb, World War II, and the war in Algeria. The reappearance of events that stripped humans of even their minimum dignity can naturally be associated with ethical issues. These events can never be reproduced because they cannot be explained in the human language. It is also impossible to reproduce in a way that doesn't invade other peoples' sufferings, nor displays the pain of others as spectacles. Alain Resnais was a director who realized that if factual representation was not possible from the beginning, truthfulness would have to be approached through cinematic form. Therefore, he tries to overcome these problems through cinematic forms. First, he shifts to action films to avoid the obscenity of documentary. shows the records of camps captured by German forces in the past, while shows the pain of others in a fictional form of representation. Next, he describes how the trauma affects the identity of the main character through a flashback in , but also shows a main character who is experiencing trauma without a flashback in Flashbacks have the effect of showing the effects of trauma on the main character, but at the same time they involve the obscenity of enjoying the suffering of others. Nonetheless, the absence of flashbacks highlights the impossibility of representation. This is because it is not silent in the impossibility of representation but is constantly approaching. The attitude that repeatedly circles around impossibility is an ethical form that maximizes the impossibility of representation. In conclusion, this is the ethics of representation that Alain Resnais showed in his films.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.129-138
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• 2005

It has been assumed that the clarification of a message is a necessary element for successful communication. However, in the today's complicated and changing environment of business marketing media, it is shown that the clarification of the message of advertisement may inhibit the effectiveness of communication. This study was to examine what was effective communication in advertisement when the company, provoking the people's negative emotional response, needs to establish new identities such as the goals and the special fields of business. In particular, the study was to investigate what effect the advertising strategy of strategically emitting ambiguous messages makes on the consumer's recognition, emotional attitude, reliability, and attitude towards the company. It was hypothesized that an ambiguous message in an advertisement has an effect on the consumer's recognition, emotional attitude, reliability, and attitude towards the company. Three texts from the 'Imagination Praises' campaign of KT&G which has been in process since 2003 were systematically sampled and the survey was performed by the means of questionnaires made on the sample The results showed that the ambiguous message of advertising texts gained better responses on the consumer's attention, good impression, affirmation, memory, sympathy than the dear message and that the ambiguous message had an effect on the consumer's attitude towards the advertisement itself. Thus, it could be tentatively concluded that the ambiguous message could be more effective in recognition and recall to promote the changes of identities of the company having the people's unfavorable emotion. But there wasn't any evidence that an ambiguous message in an advertisement was more effective in terms of the consumer's emotional response, reliability, and attitude towards the company. From this, it could be inferred that the receiver had an uncomfortable, doubtful and negative attitude about the implicit expressive code contained in the message. In the future deeper qualitative studies can compensate for the limited explanation of this empirical study focused on statistical analyses.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.305-322
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• 2022

In this study, a practice-based teacher education program was developed and applied to improve the TPACK of pre-service chemistry teachers. Also the program effect and obstacles were confirmed by measuring the development of TPACK. The participants of this study were 20 pre-service chemistry teachers of 3rd grade and 2 pre-service chemistry teachers of 4th grade who took chemistry education courses at K University located in Chungcheongbuk Province. The developed teacher education program consisted of four stages: preparation, rehearsal, practice, and reflection. The feedbacks from researchers and colleagues pre-service teachers were provided in preparation, rehearsal, and reflection stages. As a result of the study, the program of this study did not show an educational effect in the "constructive learning activities" of preservice teachers, but it was found to have an educational effect in "problem solving". In other words, in "constructive learning activity", most pre-service teachers were at 0 level before and after the program. The pre-service teachers designed the class to unilaterally provide technology to simply use it as a tool to explain subject content or revise misconceptions, and learners can passively acquire knowledge. However, in the case of "problem solving", the pre-service teachers who were at level 0 before the educational program changed to level 1. Before the program, the pre-service teachers designed classes to solve problems by memory without using technology, but after the program they planned classes that provides opportunities to approach and solve various problems through the technology presented by the teacher. However, there were not many pre-service teachers corresponding to level 2, which constitutes voluntary learning in which learners use technology to solve various problems while selecting and variously manipulating technology. In addition, as obstacles to the TPACK development of pre-service chemistry teachers, there were external factors such as lack of classroom support environment for TPACK implementation, lack of time for education planning, and inadequate technology competency. And there were internal factors such as perspectives of traditional education and negative attitude toward technology. In particular, the proportion of pre-service teachers who preceived inappropriate technical competency as an external obstacles of TPACK development was high. Therefore, it was necessary to develop an education program corresponding to type 2 or type 3 that enables TPACK development through TK for pre-service teachers.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid fractions in regions of the brain and on behavioral development in rats. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets 3~4 wks prior to the conception. Experimental diets consisted of 10% fat(wt/wt) which were from either safflower oil (SO, poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids), mixed oil MO, P/M/S ratio : 1:1.4:1, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio = 6.3), or mixed oil supplemented with vitamin E (+500 mg/kg diet). At 3 and 9 weeks of age, frontal cortex (FC), corpus striatum (CS), hippocampus (H), and cerebellum (CB) were dissected from the whole brain. The fatty acid content was determined in the different phospholipid fractions: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-serine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the rat brain regions. In the visual discrimination test, the order of the cumulative errors made in Y-water maze test were SO > MO > ME. This suggested that the balanced diet supplemented with vitamin I had the most beneficial effect on learning ability. The overall characteristics of correlation between fatty acids and behavior development were that the frequency of cumulative errors were negatively correlated significantly with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ie., 18:1 $\omega$9 and 22:1 $\omega$9. Docosa-hexaenoic acid (22:6 $\omega$3) of PS in frontal cortex (FC) was negatively correlated with the number of errors made in the Y-water maze test.22:5 $\omega$6 PS in hippocampus (H), PC and PE in corpus striatum (CS), PC in cerebellum (CB) were positively correlated with cumulative errors. And these errors were negatively correlated with 20:4 $\omega$ 6 of PE in corpus striatum (CS) and PC in cerebellum (CB). Especially, O1eic acid (18:1 u 9) in all phospholipid fractions (PC, PS, PE) of hippocampus was negatively correlated with the number of errors. These findings demonstrate that the MUFAs were might be essential for proper brain development, especially in hippocampus which is generally thought to be the regions of memory and learning.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2017

Previous reports have suggested that physical and psychological stresses may trigger fibromyalgia (FM). Stress is an important risk factor in the development of depression and memory impairments. Antidepressants have been used to prevent stress-induced abnormal pain sensation. Among various antidepressants, tianeptine has been reported to be able to prevent neurodegeneration due to chronic stress and reverse decreases in hippocampal volume. To assess the possible effect of tianeptine on FM symptoms, we constructed a FM animal model induced by restraint stress with intermittent cold stress. All mice underwent nociceptive assays using electronic von Frey anesthesiometer and Hargreaves equipment. To assess the relationship between tianeptine and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed. In behavioral analysis, nociception tests showed that pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group compared to that in the control group. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus showed downregulation of BDNF and p-CREB proteins in the FM group compared to the control group. However, tianeptine recovered these changes in behavioral tests and protein level. Therefore, this FM animal model might be useful for investigating mechanisms linking BDNF-CREB pathway and pain. Our results suggest that tianeptine might potentially have therapeutic efficacy for FM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.255-255
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• 2016

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM)는 낮은 동작 전압, 빠른 동작 속도, 고집적화 등의 장점으로 인해 차세대 비휘발성 메모리 소자로써 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 최근에 ReRAM 절연막으로 NiOx, TiOx, AlOx TaOx, HfOx와 같은 binary metal oxide 물질들을 적용하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히, HfOx는 안정적인 동작 특성을 나타낸다는 점에서 ReRAM 절연막 물질로 적합하다고 보고되고 있다. ReRAM 절연막을 형성할 때, 물리 기상 증착 방법 (PVD)이나 화학 기상 증착법 (CVD)과 같은 방법이 많이 이용된다. 이러한 증착 방법들은 고품질의 박막을 형성시킬 수 있는 장점이 있다. 하지만, 높은 온도에서의 공정과 고가의 진공 장비가 이용되기 때문에 경제적인 문제가 있으며, 기판 또는 금속에 플라즈마 손상으로 인한 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 문제점들을 개선하기 위해 용액 공정이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 용액 공정은 공정과정이 간단할 뿐만 아니라 소자의 대면적화가 가능하고 공정온도가 낮으며 고가의 진공장비가 필요하지 않은 장점을 가진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는, 용액공정을 이용하여 HfOx 기반의 ReRAM 제작하였고 $25^{\circ}C$와 $85^{\circ}C$에서 ReRAM의 동작특성에 미치는 compliance current의 영향을 평가하였다. 실험 방법으로는, hafnium chloride (0.1 M)를 2-methoxyethanol에 충분히 용해시켜서 precursor를 제작하였다. 이후, p-type Si 기판 위에 습식산화를 통하여 300 nm 두께의 SiO2 절연층을 성장시킨 후, 하부전극을 형성하기 위해 electron beam evaporation을 이용하여 10/100 nm 두께의 Ti/Pt 전극을 증착하였다. 순차적으로, 제작된 산화물 precursor를 이용하여 Pt 위에 spin coating 방법으로 1000 rpm 10 초, 6000 rpm 30초의 조건으로 두께 35 nm의 HfOx 막을 증착하였다. 최종적으로, solvent 및 불순물을 제거하기 위해 $180^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 10 분 동안 열처리를 진행하였으며, 상부 전극을 형성하기 위해 electron beam evaporation을 이용하여 Ti와 Al을 각각 50 nm, 100 nm의 두께로 증착하였다. ReRAM 동작에서 compliance current가 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 compliance current를 10mA에서 1mA까지 변화시키면서 측정한 결과, $25^{\circ}C$에서는 compliance current의 크기와 상관없이 일정한 메모리 윈도우와 우수한 endurance 특성을 얻는 것을 확인하였다. 한편, $85^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 측정한 경우에는 1mA의 compliance current를 적용하였을 때, $25^{\circ}C$에서 측정된 메모리 윈도우 크기를 비슷하게 유지하면서 더 우수한 endurance 특성을 얻는 것을 확인하였다. 결과적으로, 용액공정 방법으로 제작된 ReRAM을 측정하는데 있어서 compliance current를 줄이면 보다 우수한 endurance 특성을 얻을 수 있으며, ReRAM 소자의 전력소비감소에 효과적이라고 기대된다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.469-476
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• 1997

본 연구는 한글 전용과 한자 혼용이 글의 이해 속도, 이해 정도, 내용의 기억에 어떤 영향을 미치는 가를 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 한글 전용론과 한자 혼용론은 각각 나름대로의 논리를 가지고 서로 논쟁을 펼쳐왔다. 먼저 한글전용론의 주장을 살펴보면, 한자는 배우기 어렵고 쓰기도 불편해 쉽게 익힐 수 있는 한글을 사용해야 하며, 한자를 사용함으로 인해서 순 우리말의 발전이 방해를 받고, 글자 생활의 기계화와 출판 문화의 발달에 있어 한자는 이것을 어렵게 한다는 것이다. 반면에, 한자혼용론의 주장에 따르면, 한자말은 한자로 적을 때 그 의미의 파악이 빠르고 정확하고, 우리말 어휘의 절반 이상을 한자어가 차지하고 있으므로 한자를 가르치는 것이 국어교육의 지름길이고, 우리말에는 동음이의어가 많아서 한글로만 적을 경우 그 뜻을 식별하기 어렵고, 한자는 각 글자가 모두 뜻을 가지고 있으므로, 각각을 조합하여 새로운 의미의 단어를 쉽게 만들 수 있음은 물론이고 한글로 쓸 경우 길게 쓰여져야만 하는 것을 짧게 쓸 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있으며, 한자를 쓰지 않으면 우리의 전통 문화를 이어 받을 수 없으며 한자를 공통으로 쓰고 있는 동양문화권에서도 고립을 초래할 수 있다는 것이다. 이렇게 한글전용과 한자혼용에 대한 의견이 다양한 만큼 우리나라의 한자에 대한 정책도 그 갈피를 잡지 못하고 계속 바뀌어 왔다. 독립이후 정부에서는 법령과 훈령 등으로 모든 공문서에서의 한자사용을 금지하고 일반 사회의 문자 생활에도 한글을 전용할 것을 권고하지만 이 지침은 결국 공문서에만 한정되어 왔고 후에는 이것조차도 유명무실해졌다. 또한 중고등학교의 한자교육 정책도 수차례 변화되어 한글만을 배운 세대가 사회에 나와 여전히 한자가 사용되고 있어 적응에 문제점을 가지기도 하였다. 본 연구에서는 그 동안 계속되어 온 한글과 한잔의 사용에 관한 논쟁을 언어심리학적인 연구 방법을 통해 조사하였다. 즉, 글을 읽는 속도, 글의 의미를 얼마나 정확하게 이해했는지, 어느 것이 더 기억에 오래 남는지를 측정하여 어느 쪽의 입장이 옮은 지를 판단하는 것이다. 실험 결과는 문장을 읽는 시간에서는 한글 전용문인 경우에 월등히 빨랐다. 그러나. 내용에 대한 기억 검사에서는 국한 혼용 조건에서 더 우수하였다. 반면에, 이해력 검사에서는 천장 효과(Ceiling effect)로 두 조건간에 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 본 실험 결과에 따르면, 글의 읽기 속도가 중요한 문서에서는 한글 전용이 좋은 반면에 글의 내용 기억이 강조되는 경우에는 한자를 혼용하는 것이 더 효율적이다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.615-623
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• 2018

The probability density function(PDF) for the amplitude of the reflectivity of low-grazing-angle sea clutter has generally been modeled by a compound-Gaussian distribution, rather than by the Rayleigh distribution, owing to the intensity variation of each clutter patch over time. The texture component forming the reflectivity has been simulated by combining Gamma distribution and memory-less nonlinear transformation(MNLT). On the other hand, there is no typical method available that can be used to simulate the speckle component. We first review Watt's method, wherein the speckle is simulated starting from the Doppler spectrum of the received echoes that is modeled as having a Gaussian shape. Then, we introduce a newly proposed method. The proposed method simulates the speckle by manipulating a clutter covariance matrix through the Cholesky decomposition after minimizing the effect of adjacent clutter patches using an equalizer. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated through simulation, wherein the results from two methods are compared in terms of the Doppler spectrum and the correlation function.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2015

Glutamate is one of the principle transmitters in the CNS. Ionotropic receptors of glutamate, selectively activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), play an important role in the processes of cell development, learning, memory, and etc. On the other hand, many studies discovered that over-activation of glutamate receptors leads to neurodegeneration and are known to be implicated in major areas of brain pathology. Any sustained effect of a transient NMDA receptor activation is likely to involve signaling to the nucleus and to trigger coordinated changes in gene expression. Classically, a set of immediate-early genes are induced first; some of genes are by themselves transcription factors that control expression of other target genes. This study provides understanding of changes of inducible transcription factors mRNA levels with RT-PCR by inducing over-activation of NMDA receptor with intraperitoneal NMDA injection. The experimental conditions were varied by 1, 5, 25, and 125 g/ of body weight NMDA and measured transcription factors mRNA levels are Egr-1, c-Jun, JunB, and FosB. Based on result obtained, inducible transcription factors mRNA in NMDA injection to mice with 5 g/body weight showed the greatest change. And ITF mRNA showed greatest change 24 hr after injection. The expression level of JunB mRNA was markedly changed. Up to the present days, no study clearly understood how ITF mRNA affected the apoptosis of purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The current study improves the understanding of the mechanism of apoptosis of purkinje cells in the cerebellum.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.637-642
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• 2004

Effects of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts on cognitive function and antioxidant activity of learning- and memory-impaired animal model SAMP8 mice. Animals were divided into 4 groups and fed with diets containing 0.3%(w/w) defatted sesame (S) or defatted perilla methanol extracts (P) for 12 weeks. Step through latency of SAMP8 control group was significantly higher than that of SAM R1 normal group, whereas significantly increased in S and P groups compared with SAMP8 control on passive avoidance test (p<0.001). Acetylcholinesterase activity of brain in SAMP8 increased compared with SAMR1 but no difference between SAMP8 control group and sample-treated group. Brain TBARS contents of SAMP8 control significantly increased compared with SAMR1 and were lowered significantly by supplementation of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts. Defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts attenuated increased brain superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in SAMP8. These results suggest defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts could attenuate cognitive deficits induced by aging possibly through activation of antioxidant activity of defatted sesame and perilla methanol extracts.