• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.845-851
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• 2018

In this study, the runoff characteristics of the non-rainfall period were examined using daily rainfall data from 1977 to 2017 and the data of runoff into the dam. Results showed that, the mean runoff decreases with longer non-rainfall periods in the Andong dam basin. The correlation coefficient between non-rainfall days and average runoff reaches 0.85. The results of the analysis of the runoff characteristics during the non-rainfall period, based on the preceding rainfall of Andong dam are as follows. The runoff characteristics of the entire non-rainfall period, shows that, for a rainfall of 1.0 mm or less, the runoff height was larger than the rainfall size and the base runoff larger. The correlation between the antecedent rainfall and runoff height was reached as high as 0.9864 in the 30 ~ 50 mm interval of the antecedent rainfall period, and this is the interval where the linearity of rainfall and runoff was at its maximum in the Andong dam basin. The correlation between the antecedent rainfall and the runoff height reached 0.92 for rainfalls of 100.0 mm. However, for rainfalls of 100.0 mm greater, the correlation between the antecedent rainfall and runoff height during the rainfall period was 0.64, which is relatively small. In this study, we investigated the runoff characteristics of the rainfall period in the Andong dam watershed. As a result, it was confirmed that the mean runoff decreased with rainfall duration. The linearity was found to be weak for rainfall events greater than 100.0 mm. The results of this study can be used as data for water balance analysis and for formulating a water supply plan to establish water resource management of Andong dam.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2018

Potential maximum soil moisture retention (S) is a dominant parameter in the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; now called the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)) runoff Curve Number (CN) method commonly used in hydrologic modeling for event-based flood forecasting (SCS, 1985). Physically, S represents the depth [L] soil could store water through infiltration. The depth of soil moisture retention will vary depending on infiltration from previous rainfall events; an adjustment is usually made using a factor for Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMCs). Application of the method for continuous simulation of multiple storms has typically involved updating the AMC and S. However, these studies have focused on a time step where S is allowed to vary at daily or longer time scales. While useful for hydrologic events that span multiple days, this temporal resolution is too coarse for short-term applications such as flash flood events. In this study, an approach for deriving a time-variable potential maximum soil moisture retention curve (S-curve) at hourly time-scales is presented. The methodology is applied to the Napa River basin, California. Rainfall events from 2011 to 2012 are used for estimating the event-based S. As a result, we derive an S-curve which is classified into three sections depending on the recovery rate of S for soil moisture conditions ranging from 1) dry, 2) transitional from dry to wet, and 3) wet. The first section is described as gradually increasing recovering S (0.97 mm/hr or 23.28 mm/day), the second section is described as steeply recovering S (2.11 mm/hr or 50.64 mm/day) and the third section is described as gradually decreasing recovery (0.34 mm/hr or 8.16 mm/day). Using the S-curve, we can estimate the hourly change of soil moisture content according to the time duration after rainfall cessation, which is then used to estimate direct runoff for a continuous simulation for flood forecasting.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제30권4B호
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• pp.413-427
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• 2010

도시화란 급격한 인구의 증가와 산업화를 의미하며, 도시화로 인해서 수문학적 물순환과정은 많은 변화를 일으키게 된다. 본 연구에서는 도시화가 강수사상에 끼치는 영향을 분석하였다. 강수사상은 도시화의 효과 이외에도 여러 기후학적인 인자와 기상학적인 요인에 의한 영향을 많이 받게 된다. 따라서 한반도의 여러 지점에서 관측된 강수 자료를 이용하여 분석에 적용하였다. 분석대상자료는 연강수량, 지속기간 1일최대강수량, 강수일수, 10 mm 이상 강수일수, 80 mm 이상 강수일수, 계절별 강수량 및 계절별 강수일수이다. 분석방법은 군집분석을 통해 강수특성이 비슷한 4개의 군집을 구분하여, 군집별로 도시지역과 비도시지역에서 발생한 강수사상을 비교분석하였다. 또한, 대표지점을 선정하여 도시화 지점과 비도시화 지점을 비교분석하였다. 분석 결과에서 호우 피해를 야기할 수 있는 80 mm 이상 강수일수의 증가가 두드러졌다. 시간강수량 자료를 이용하여 확률강수량을 산정하고, 지속시간별 재현기간별 확률강수량을 초과하는 강우사상을 분석하였다. 도시지역이 비도시지역에 비해서 수공구조물 설계에 이용되는 확률강수량을 초과하는 횟수가 더 많이 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.654-663
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• 2010

Attention has increasingly focused on the pollutant load discharged from rural area since the enforcement of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) in korea. As one of the methods to control the inflow of pollutant load during wet weather events, local governments are attempting to apply non-point source control facility. To design those facilities appropriately, it is essential to understand the runoff characteristics of pollutants such as TSS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Cr}$, TP and TN. In the paper, the quantitative analyses for pollutant runoff characteristics were examined in a small rural watershed with the area of about 53 hectares. For a dry weather day and wet weather events, variation patterns of dry weather flow and runoff characteristics of wet weather flows were monitored and investigated. The runoff model using XP-SWMM reflecting the landuse types of the watershed in detail was simulated to perform the sensitivity analyses for several factors influencing on their hydrograph and pollutographs. As a result, for the case of medium and small rainfall events (i. e. total rainfall of 35.8 and 17.5 mm), the impervious area including green house, roof and road which covers relatively low portion of total area (i. e. 16%) caused substantial first flush and the majority of total runoff load. Therefore, it has been concluded that the runoff characteristics of each pollutant and distribution of impervious area should be considered for the establishment of the control strategy of non-point pollutant runoff at a rural area.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2009

비점오염원에 의한 4대강의 오염부하율은 2004년 기준으로 22~37 %로 나타났으며, 2020년에는 60 % 이상으로 증가할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이는 토지이용의 고도화에 따른 비점오염물질의 유출이 증가하기 때문이며, 지속적인 점오염원 관리와 더불어 비점오염원 관리가 이루어지지 않을 시에는 하천의 수질개선을 기대할 수 없다. 따라서 환경부는 수질오염총량관리제를 도입하여 수생태계의 입장에서 수질개선 정책을 펼치고 있으며, 비점오염원 관리에 관심을 쏟고 있다. 이러한 비점오염원은 강우시 발생되어 유역의 특성 및 다양한 강우인자들의 영향을 받아 불확실성이 매우 크기에 오염물질별 EMC 및 부하량 산정이 매우 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구는 모니터링 지점으로 국도와 주차장을 선정하여 최근 3년 동안 모니터링을 수행하였으며, 오염물질별 EMC산정과 함께 모니터링 지점에 대한 강우특성을 파악하였다. 또한 산정된 EMC를 강우계급별로 나누어 EMC를 재 산정하였다. 그 결과, TSS의 평균 EMC는 강우계급이 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 대부분 10 mm 이하의 강우에서 유출되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 국내의 강우특성이 반영된 EMC를 산정하여 제시함으로써 비점오염저감시설의 효율적 규모 산정에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2013

In this study, non-point source(NPS) contribution was investigated based on flow rates and water qualities of streams into the lake during rainfall events. Event mean concentration(EMC) and the pollution loads were calculated to establish a database for NPS control measurement in the survey area, and so on. The runoff characteristics of NPS were investigated and estimated on the basis of the ratio of an agricultural to forest area in the stream of sub-catch basin during rainfall events. Non-point source pollution loads were also calculated to establish a database for NPS control measure in the upstream lake Chinyang. At a rainfall event, BOD concentrations rise sharply at the early peak time of runoff, however, peaks of TSS concentration were observed at the similar time of peak flow. This was a phenomenon shown at the watersheds caused by forest and geological types. The discharged EMC range was 2.9-4.8 mg/L in terms of BOD. The discharged EMC range was 6.2-8.2 mg/L in terms of SS. The discharged EMCs of T-N and T-P were 1.4-2.5 mg/L and 0.059-0.233 mg/L, respectively. Total BOD loading rate through the 3 tributaries to the lake Chinyang was 1,136 kg/d during dry weather. The upper watershed area of the Nam-river dam in this study was divided into 14 catchment basins based on the Korean guideline for total maximum daily load(TMDL) of water quality pollutants. The higher the agricultural land-use ratio, the more NPS loading rate discharged, but the more occupied a forest area, the lower more NPS loading rate discharged. In an agricultural land-use area more than 20%, the increase of NPS loadings might be dramatically diffused by increasing the integrated complex-use like vinyl-house facilities and fertilizer use etc. according to the effective land-use utilization. The NPS loading rates were BOD 0.3 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, SS 0.21 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, TN 0.02 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, TP 0.005 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ under less than 10% agricultural land-use. In agricultural land-use of 20%-50%, these values were investigated in the range of 0.32 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.73 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for BOD, 0.92 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-3.32 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for SS, 0.70 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.90 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ TN, 0.03 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.044 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for TP.

• 대기
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2014

This study investigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of summertime (June-August) precipitation over Korean peninsula, using Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA)is Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) data for the period of 1973-2010 and Automatic Weather System (AWS) data for the period of 1998-2010.The authors looked through climatological features of the summertime precipitation, then examined the degree of locality of the precipitation, and probable precipitation amount and its return period of 100 years (i.e., an extreme precipitation event). The amount of monthly total precipitation showed increasing trends for all the summer months during the investigated 38-year period. In particular, the increasing trends were more significant for the months of July and August. The increasing trend of July was seen to be more attributable to the increase of precipitation intensity than that of frequency, while the increasing trend of August was seen to be played more importantly by the increase of the precipitation frequency. The e-folding distance, which is calculated using the correlation of the precipitation at the reference station with those at all other stations, revealed that it is August that has the highest locality of hourly precipitation, indicating higher potential of localized heavy rainfall in August compared to other summer months. More localized precipitation was observed over the western parts of the Korean peninsula where terrain is relatively smooth. Using the 38-years long series of maximum daily and hourly precipitation as input for FARD2006 (Frequency Analysis of Rainfall Data Program 2006), it was revealed that precipitation events with either 360 mm $day^{-1}$ or 80 mm $h^{-1}$ can occur with the return period of 100 years over the Korean Peninsula.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.557-568
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• 2013

In this study, Calculated the nonpoint sources(NPS) load per unit area about various rainy events in vineyard of Nakdong River basin. NPS monitoring and calculation for NPS load per unit area were estimated from 'Investigation method of precipitation discharge(National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007)'. The evaluation of applicability for NPS load per unit by compared with prior research data and Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) data. Five target areas were each $2000m^2$, $1800m^2$, $1943m^2$, $2484m^2$, $864m^2$ and located in Gyeongsangbukdo Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo Sangju, Gyeongsangnamdo Hapcheon in Korea. Since fruits were the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater discharge at survey sites could be evaluated independently. A total of 115 rainfall events in the Orchard area during five years(2008-2012) was surveyed, and 38 of them became stormwater discharge. In the Nakdong River watershed, average of event mean concentrations(EMCs) in Orchard area for biochemical oxyzen demand(BOD), Chemical oxyzen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P) were 2.0mg/L, 10.1mg/L, 3.195mg/L, 0.578mg/L, respectively. NPS load per unit area in Orchard area showed BOD : $2.0kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, COD : $10.2kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-N : $3.220kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-P : $0.606kg/km^2{\cdot}day$.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.261-274
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 소양강 유역을 대상으로 중장기 확률론적 댐 유입량 예측을 위해 30년 동안의 일단위 장기유출 해석을 수행하였다. 유출모형의 입력자료를 구축하기 위해 Anderson의 융설모형으로 적설에 대한 융설량을 계산하였고, Penman의 혼합기법으로 잠재증발량을 산정하였다. 또한, 기존 TOPMODEL의 적용 유역면적의 제약성을 극복하기 위해 대상유역을 적정 소유역으로 구분하고 운동파 하도홍수 추적기법을 통해 대유역 유출량을 계산할 수 있는 준분포형 TOPMODEL을 활용하였으며, 강수, 융설 및 잠재증발량을 유출모형에 입력하여 장기유출 해석을 수행하였다. 융설량 및 잠재증발량 계산결과는 관측자료의 부재로 그 정량적 평가는 수행할 수 없었지만 최대 적설깊이와 소형접시 증발량 자료와 같은 간접적 자료와의 시간적 변동성은 매우 잘 일치하였다. 이렇게 구축된 입력자료를 바탕으로 저수(1979년), 중수(1999년), 고수(1990년) 유출사상에 대한 모형의 최적 매개변수를 산정하고 준분포형 TOPMODEL의 일단위 장기유출 모의능력을 검토한 결과 계산유량과 관측유량 사이의 유출용적 상대오차가 5.64%, 상관계수가 0.91로 계산되어 비교적 정확한 유출결과를 제시하였고, 융설고려 유무에 따라 3, 4월의 유출용적 상대오차가 17% 및 4%로 감소함으로써 장기유출 계산시 모형의 정확도 향상을 위해 융설모형의 적용이 매우 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권6_2호
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• pp.1859-1867
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• 2021

본 연구는 부산지역의 봄철과 여름철 대기 중 미세먼지(particulate matter, PM) 농도 및 빗물 수질을 정량화하고 다변량 통계분석을 이용하여 계절(봄, 여름) 특성에 따른 대기 중 PM 농도가 빗물 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 연구기간(2020년 3월-8월)동안 기상청 AWS (automatic weather system)에서 측정된 대기 중 PM 농도와 총 68번의 강우 특성 자료를 이용하였으며, 총 68번의 강우 이벤트 중 13회 강우를 대상으로 부산 부경대학교 캠퍼스에 집수장치를 설치하여 총 216개의 빗물 샘플을 수집하였다. 빗물의 pH와 전기전도도(electrical conductivity, EC)는 실시간 측정되었으며, 빗물 내 양이온(Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NH₄⁺) 및 음이온(Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-) 농도를 분석하였다. 또한, 자체 제작한 미세먼지 센서를 이용하여 강우 전후로 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도를 측정하였으며, 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 주성분 분석(principal component analysis, PCA)과 피어슨 상관분석(Person correlation analysis)을 실시하여 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도와 빗물 수질 간 상관관계를 규명하였다. 연구결과, 부산지역의 일평균 대기 중 PM 농도 및 강우 특성은 계절적 차이가 존재하였으며, 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도와 빗물 수질간 상관성 또한 상이하게 나타났다. 봄철의 경우, 일평균 대기 중 PM₁₀ (34.11 ㎍/m³) 및 PM_2.5 (19.23 ㎍/m³)의 평균 농도는 상대적으로 높게 나타났고 일평균 누적 강우량 및 강우 강도는 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도는 빗물 수질과 유의미한 상관관계를 보였으며 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도는 pH (r = -0.84)는 감소시키고 EC (r = 0.95) 및 수용성 음이온(r = 0.99) 농도는 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하였다. 여름철의 경우에는 일 평균 PM₁₀ (27.79 ㎍/m³) 및 PM_2.5 (17.41 ㎍/m³)의 평균 농도가 상대적으로 낮은 농도 분포를 보였으며, 최대 일 평균 강우 강도는 81.6 mm/h로 오랜 시간 많은 양의 비를 기록하였다. 상대적으로 낮은 대기 중 PM 농도와 높은 강우 강도로 인해 대기 중 PM₁₀ 농도가 빗물 수질에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 없었다.