• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2018

Background: Several grip strength tests are commonly used for detecting sincerity of effort. However, there is still no widely accepted standardized sincerity of effort test. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether grip strength test in three wrist positions could distinguish between maximal and submaximal efforts. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals (10 men and 10 women) with a mean age of $26.7{\pm}3.92years$ participated in this study. All participants completed two test conditions (maximal and submaximal efforts) in three wrist positions (neutral, flexion, and extension) using both hands. Each participant exerted 100% effort in the maximal effort condition and 50% effort in the submaximal effort condition. The participants performed three repetitions of the grip strength test for each session. Results: The results showed that there is a significant main effect of the type of effort (p < 0.001), wrist position (p < 0.001), and hand (p = 0.028). There were also significant types of effort and wrist position interactions (p < 0.001) and effort and hand interactions (p < 0.028). The results also showed that grip strength was highest at the wrist in neutral position in both the maximal and the submaximal effort condition. Grip strength values of the three wrist positions in the maximal effort condition were noticeably greater than those in the submaximal effort condition. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that grip strength test in three wrist positions can differentiate a maximal effort from a submaximal effort. Thus, this test could potentially be used to detect sincerity of effort in clinical setting.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2006

지금까지 maximal covering문제를 해결하기 위해 다양한 기법들이 적용되어 왔다. 타부 탐색 역시 그 중의 하나이다. 그러나 기존 연구에서는 타부 탐색을 비롯한 언덕오르기 탐색이나 시뮬레이티드 어닐링과 같은 이웃해 탐색 기법들에 대한 종합적인 분석과 성능 향상을 위한 노력이 부족하였다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 실험과 분석을 통해 이웃해 탐색 기법들의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 방안을 소개한다. 기본적으로 모든 이웃해 탐색 기법들은 k-exchange 이웃해 생성 방법을 사용하고 있으며 다양한 파라미터 설정에 따라 각 기법의 성능이 어떻게 달라지는가를 분석하였다. 실험 결과 단순 언덕오르기 탐색과 시뮬레이티드 어닐링이 다른 기법들에 비해 훨씬 우수한 탐색 성능을 보였으며, 일반적인 경우와는 달리 단순 언덕오르기 탐색이 시뮬레이티드 어닐링과 비슷한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and velocity measurements during peak effort and free treadmill walking tests in older patients with gait-impaired chronic hemiparetic stroke and control group. Twenty-two adults (13 men, 9 women; mean age, $73.7{\pm}5.2$ yrs) with chronic hemiparetic stroke are the experimental group. Nineteen elderly people (5 men, 14 women; mean age, $72.3{\pm}3.5$ yrs) were recruited as control group. Patients had mild to moderate chronic hemiparetic gait deficits, making handrail support necessary during treadmill walking. Free and peak effort treadmill walking tests were measured and then repeated at least two days later. Reliability was calculated from HR and walking velocity during free and peak effort treadmill walking test. Among the people who had strokes, HR [ICC(2,1)=.85, r=.86] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.93, r=.93] were good parameters during free testing. Maximal testing generated good results for HR [ICC(2,1)=.81, r=.82] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.96, r=.96] with the chronic hemiparetic stroke. In elderly people, HR [ICC(2,1)=.59, r=.62] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.77, r=.76] were moderately reliable during free testing. Maximal testing produced moderate parameters for HR [ICC(2,1)=.74, r=.74] and velocity [ICC(2,1)=.66, r=.66] in the elderly. This study provides that free and maximal treadmill testing produce highly reliable HR and velocity measurements in adults with chronic hemiplegia using minimal handrail support.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.253-271
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of EMG activity of the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle between normal occlusion and class III malocclusion group during various lip position and to find out whether any correlations exist between the muscular activity and craniofacial morphology. In this study, 50 subjects with a mean age of 22.9 Years (range 20.0-26.0) were investigated (25 subjects were normal occlusion, and 25 subjects were class III malocclusion). EMG data were recorded from the Orbicularis oris and Mentalis muscle during rest lip posture, lip position at maximum biting, lip position at maximum sealing effort, lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation with the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic machine. Lateral cephalometric radiographs was taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded and statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows: 1. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 2. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during the lip position at chewing, swallowing and phonation was lower than that of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not statistically different. 3. Compare to normal occlusion, the Class III malocclusion was showed low maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture and the lip position at swallowing of saliva, and showed great maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and meantalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and phonation. 4. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during various lip position was not correlated with the length and thickness of upper lip, but the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip. 5. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip during rest lip posture was negatively correlated with the thickness of upper lip, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at chewing and swallowing was positively correlated with the thickness of lower lip and mentalis muscle. But the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle during the other lip position was not correlated with the cephalometric measurements of soft tissue. 6. The correlation between the maximal mean amplitude of orbicularis oris and mentalis muscle and cephalometric measurements of incisors was not nearly present. 7. In normal occlusion, the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip and mentalis muscle during the lip position at maximum biting was negatively correlated with the angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane. In Class III malocclusion, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip, lower lip and mentalis muscle during function was negatively correlated with the length of maxilla, the maximal mean amplitude of upper lip and lower lip during function was negatively correlated with the SNA and SNPo, and the maximal mean amplitude of lower lip during the lip position at chewing was negatively correlated with the ANB.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of abdominal muscle strengthening exercise on abdominal muscle strength and respiratory function in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects were 14 stroke patients (10 males, 4 females) hospitalized at W rehabilitation hospital in Busan City and randomly assigned to 7 exercise groups and 7 control groups. Exercise was performed in combination with an upper and lower extremity pattern of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Measurements of abdominal muscle strength and respiratory function were made before intervention and 4 weeks after intervention. Abdominal muscle strength was assessed using a digital manual dynamometer, and respiratory function was assessed by spirometry. The collected data were analyzed with a paired t-test and independent t-test and the significance level was set as α =.05. Results : The results showed that applying abdominal muscle strengthening exercise to stroke patients showed a significant increase in abdominal muscle strength and a significant difference between groups (p<.05). Maximal-effort expiratory spirogram (MES) readings were significantly increased in forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), in the exercise group, and there were a significant differences between the groups in terms of FEV1 (p<.05). Slow vital capacity (SVC) was significantly increased in vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory capacity (EC), and there were significant differences between the groups in VC, TV, expiratory reserve volume (ERV), EC, and inspiratory capacity (IC) (p<.05). Conclusion : Abdominal muscle strengthening exercise was effective in the abdominal muscle strength of stroke patients, and it was confirmed to have a positive effect on the enhancement of respiratory function. Therefore, it seems that exercise programs for stroke patients with respiratory weakness should include abdominal muscle strengthening exercises.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.485-489
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• 2002

본 연구는 동맥의 압력에 따라 변하는 맥파전달시간(pulse transit time, PTT)을 이용하여 호흡노력을 검출하기 위하여 호흡에 따른 PTT 변화를 관찰하였다. PTT는 심전도의 R파 피크로부터 말초에서 나타나는 광전용적맥(photoplethysmograph, PPG)의 최대기울기점까지 시간이다. 생체 신호를 아날로그-디지탈 변환하여 PC에서 매번 심장주기마다 PTT를 측정하였으며 이산적인 결과를 스플라인 보간법을 사용하여 그래프로 제시하였다. 소프트웨어는 $C^{++}$을 사용하여 windows 환경에서 운용하였다. 안정상태 호흡 시에는 호흡의 주기와 일치하는 주기적인 PTT의 변화가 있었다. 호흡 심도를 증가시킴에 따라 PTT의 진폭이 증가하였으며, 기도저항을 증가시킨 경우에도 PTT의 진폭이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 PTT가 호흡노력에 따라 반응하는 것을 시사한다. 아울러 PTT를 이용한 호흡노력 모니터링은 비침습적 방법으로써 호흡장애를 감시하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2003

This study simulated the range of golf ball with different projection angles using a drive swing condition. For the simulation purpose, the differential equation of dynamics was induced by using Bernoulli's principle and average back spin frequency, instant velocity, and dimple of golf ball from amateur group, professional group, and Tiger Woods were chosen as the initial condition. The study result indicated that lift coefficient($C_{lift}$) relative to drag coefficient ($C_d$), 0.3 of differential equation was applied differently in terms of back spin Sequency, and when $C_{lift}$ was 0.4 for amateur, 0.5 for professional, and 0.7 for Tiger Woods the projection ranges of ball were closely matched with initial condition. With selected $C_{lift}$ and back spin frequency of initial condition, the ranges with different projection angle was measured as 193m ($13-17^{\circ}$) for amateur, 240m ($9-13^{\circ}$), professional and 273m ($9^{\circ}$)Tiger Woods, respectively. For the range in terms of back spin frequency and projection angle, the amateur group indicated relatively high spin frequency (70 RPS) and showed the maximal range (195m) with $13^{\circ}$ of projection angle. The tendency of longer range with higher projection angle was also found under the different conditions of spin frequency in this group. The professional group showed their maximal range (245m) with conditions of 60RPS of spin frequency and $9^{\circ}$ of projection angle. Their range was decreased dramatically when the spin frequency was reduced to 40-50 RPS. For Tiger Woods, the maximal range was found with 40RPS of spin frequency and the range was decreased notably when the spin frequency was above 40RPS.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

The results of recent work on the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of sulfides is discussed. In the case of dialkyl sulfides, the weakly bonded adduct initially formed with singlet oxygen (the persulfoxide) decays unproductively unless protonation by an acid (an alcohol or a carboxylic acid) facilitates its conversion to the sulfoxide. The effect is proportional to the strength of the acid (eg., less than 0.1 % chloroacetic acid in benzene is sufficient for maximal efficiency) and corresponds to general acid catalysis, suggesting that protonation of the persulfoxide occurs. On the other hand, with sulfides possessing an activated hydrogen in ${\alpha}$ position (eg., benzyl and allyl sulfides), hydrogen transfer becomes an efficient process in aprotic media and yields a S-hydroperoxysulfoniumm ylide, possibly arising from a conformation of the persulfoxide that is different from the one protonated in the presence of acids. Calculations on some substituted sulfides support this hypothesis. This process, which leads to C-S bond fragmentation with formation of an aldehyde, may be viewed as a general method for the preparation of aryl and heteroaryl aldehydes. In this effort, mechanistic studies offered new hints on the structure of the intermediate persulfoxide.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

This study is about the development of the wrist rehabilitation system for the patient who has limited capability of movement after stroke. Electromyography triggered training system (ETTS) can play the role between complete passive training and patient activating training system. Surface EMG was measured on pronator teres muscle and biceps brachii muscle for wrist pronation and supination. Our system detects whether the subject makes muscular effort for pronation or supination or nothing in every 50 ms. When the effort level exceeds the preset percentage of maximal voluntary contraction, the motor rotates according to the direction of the intention of the subject. EMG triggers the motor rotation for the wrist rehabilitation training until the preset angle. To evaluate its performance, the maximum voluntary contraction level was measured for 4 subjects at first. With the audio-visual instruction to rotate the wrist (pronation or supination) the subjects made effort to follow the instruction. After calculating root mean square (RMS) for 50 ms, the controller determines whether there was muscular effort to rotate while holding the motor. When there was an effort to rotate, the controller rotates the motor 0.8 degree. By comparing the RMS values from two channels of EMG, the controller determines the rotational direction. The onset delay is $0.76{\pm}0.24$ s and offset delay is $0.65{\pm}0.22$ s for pronation. For supination the onset delay is $1.24{\pm}0.41$ s and offset delay is $0.77{\pm}0.22$ s. The system responded fast enough to be used for rehabilitation training. The controller perceived the direction of rotation 100% correctly for the pronation and 97.5% correctly for supination. ETTS was developed and the fundamental functions were validated for normal subjects. The clinical validation should be done with patients for real world application. With ETTS, the subjects can train voluntarily over the limitation of the range of motion which increases the effectiveness of the rehabilitation training.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.379-383
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• 1991

To evaluate the effect of intensive training on ventilatory functions in soccer players, comparisons of various ventilatory parameters were made before and after 5-5.5 months of intensive training. The subjects were 15 members of a university soccer team with mean age and career of 19.9 and 8.3 years, respectively. Ventilatory parameters studied were those obtained by the analyses of forced expiratory volume and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, as well as spirometric measurements of VC and MVV. After intensive training, volume parameters, such as VC, FVC and $FEV_{1&3}$ as well as flow parameters, effort-dependent and effort-independent, such as MVV, FEF200-1200, FEF25-75%, PEF, FEF25%, FEF50%, FEF75% showed significant increase. However, when the observed values of flow parameters were volume-adjusted to FVC, the differences before and after intensive training became insignificant. This suggests that enhanced ventilatory functions in soccer players after intensive training are primarily due to increase in FVC caused by increase in respiratory musle strength.