• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.149-162
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of hot pepper extract and capsaicin on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, lipolysis in rat epididymal adipocytes and histological changes in porcine adipose tissue. Methods : Inhibiton of preadipocyte differentiation and/or stimulation of lipolysis play important roles in reducing obesity. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 3 days in the absence or presence of hot pepper extract or capsaicin ranging from 0.01 to $1mg/m{\ell}$. The effects of hot pepper extract and capsaicin on adipogenesis were examined by measuring GPDH activity and by Oil Red O staining. Mature adipocytes from rat epididymal fat pad was incubated with hot pepper extract or capsaicin ranging from 0.01 to $1mg/m{\ell}$ for 3 hrs. The effects of hot pepper extract and capsaicin on lipolysis were examined by measuring free glycerol released. Fat tissue from pig skin was injected with hot pepper extract or capsaicinCFP ranging from 0.1 to $10mg/m{\ell}$ to examine the effects of hot pepper extract and capsaicin on histological changes under light microscopy. Results : The following results were obtained from present study on adipogenesis of preadipocytes, lipolysis of adipocytes and histological changes in fat tissue. 1. Hot pepper extract and capsaicin inhibited adipogenic differentiation at the concentration of 0.1 and $0.01mg/m{\ell}$, respectively, indicating that capsaicin was more effective in inhibiting adipogenesis than hot pepper extract. 2. Hot pepper extract and capsaicin decreased the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) at the concentration of 0.1 and $0.01mg/m{\ell}$, respectively, indicating that capsaicin was more effective in inhibiting adipogenic differentiation than hot pepper extract. 3. Hot pepper extract and capsaicin increased glycerol release at the concentration of $0.1mg/m{\ell}$. There was no difference in lipolytic activity between hot pepper extract and capsaicin at the corresponding concentration. 4. Hot pepper extract and capsaicin caused shrinkage of fat cells, resulting in cell death at the concentration of $1.0mg/m{\ell}$, although capsaicin exerted this action over wide area than hot pepper extract. Conclusions : These results suggest that hot pepper extract and capsaicin efficiently inhibited adipogenesis, increased lipolysis of adipocytes and caused to shrink fat cells. Future studies are needed to make use of hot pepper extract pharmacopuncture for the treatment of obesity.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Spirodelae Herba pharmacopuncture(SHP) on the adipogenesis in 3T3 cells, lipolysis in rat epididymal adipocytes and histological changes in porcine adipose tissue. Methods : Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation and/or stimulation of lipolysis play important roles in reducing obesity. 3T3 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 3 days in the absence or presence of SHP ranging from 0.01 to $1.0mg/m{\ell}$. The effect of SHP on adipogenesis was examined by measuring glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) activity and by Oil Red O staining. Mature adipocytes from rat epididymal fat pad was incubated with SHP ranging from 0.01 to $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ for 3 days. The effect of SHP on lipolysis was examined by measuring free glycerol released. Fat tissue from porcine skin was injected with SHP ranging from 0.1 to $10.0mg/m{\ell}$ to examine the effect of SHP onhistological changes under light microscopy. Results : Following results were obtained from the preadipocyte proliferation and lipolysis adipocyte and histologic investigation of fat tissue 1. SHP showed the effect of decreased preadipocyte proliferation on the high dosage($1mg/m{\ell}$). 2. SHP showed the effect of decreased the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) on the high dosage($1mg/m{\ell}$). 3. Investigated the changes in lipolysis of differentiated adipocyte after treated SHP, we knew that these pharmacopuncture showed increasing the effect of lipolysis in all concentration significantly. 4. Investigated the histological changes in porcine fat tissue after treated SHP, we knew that these pharmacopuncture showed significant activity to the lysis of extensive cell membranes on high dosage($10.0mg/m{\ell}$). Conclusions : These results suggest that SHP efficiently induces diminishing proliferation of preadipocyte and lipolysis in adipose tissue.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.260-266
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• 2012

깽깽이풀의 발생학적 연구가 수행되었으며, 이를 매자나무과내의 근연속 들과 비교연구하였다. 깽깽이풀의 발생학적 특징은 4포약, basic type의 약벽형성, 2핵성의 glandular tapetum, 약벽 표피세포의 숙존, 내피층이 섬유상조직으로 발달, 판개형의 약 열개, 화분모세포의 연속형 세포질분열, 정사면체형 화분사분체, 약 열개시 화분은 2세포성, 양주피성, 도생배주, 후층성주심, 한개의 포원세포, 마디풀형 배낭형성, 성숙배낭은 타원형, 핵형 배유형성, 배 발생은 Onagrad 형태, 종자는 종의가 있고, 종피는 외종피외층형 등의 특징을 나타내었다. 매자나무과내의 다른 속들과 비교한 결과 깽깽이풀속은 융단세포의 핵수, 감수분열시 세포질의 분열패턴, 그리고 외종피외층의 두께 등에서 매자나무속이나 Mahonia속 보다는 삼지구엽초속과 Vancouveria 속에 좀 더 닮았다. 또한, 약벽형성 패턴, 융단세포의 핵수, 주심cap의 형성, 반족세포의 행동패턴등에서 한계령풀속과도 유사한 형질이 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 한계령풀속은 다른 많은 발생형질과 분자 data에서 깽깽이풀속과는 다르다. 따라서 발생학적 증거들은 깽깽이풀속이 삼지구엽초속(Epimedium)과 Vancouveria 속에 가장 가까운 유연관계라는 것을 제시하고 있다.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2012

장미과 Agrimoniinae(짚신나물아족)의 5속(Agrimonia L., Aremonia Neck. ex Nestl., Hagenia J.F. Gmel., Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh., and Spenceria Trimen.)의 종피를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하여 계통분류학적으로 유용한 형질이 있는지 조사하였다. 또한, 관찰된 종피의 형질들을 이미 수행된 분자계통학적 연구에서 제시된 5속의 계통분류학적 관계를 설명하는 가설들에 적용하여 종피 형질의 계통분류학적 진화를 고찰하였다. 짚신나물아족의 5속 모두 하나의 열매화통에 하나 또는 두 개의 성숙한 수과를 가지고 있었고, 종피는 표피세포의 모양, 크기, 세포벽의 돌출 정도, 세포표면의 돌기의 유무 등에서 다양한 형질상태가 관찰되었다. 특히, 세포표면의 유두상 돌기(papillae)는 2속 Agrimonia(짚신나물속)과 Aremonia에서만 관찰되었다. 유두상 돌기가 없는 것이 원시형질이라는 가정하에 유두상 돌기가 나타나는 형질변화를 이미 수행된 분자계통학적 연구에서 고찰하였다. 4개의 핵과 6개의 엽록체 DNA의 염기서열에 기초한 계통수에서는 적어도 2회의 형질변화가 요구되며, 저복사수 핵 유전자의 염기서열 계통분석의 계통수에서는 단 1회의 형질변화가 일어나는 것으로 나타났다. 종합하면, 종피의 유두상 돌기의 출현은 Agrimonia(짚신나물속)과 Aremonia 을 단일계통 분류군으로 설명하는 공통진화형질이라고 할 수 있고 이러한 가설은 저복사수 유전자의 염기서열의 계통분석을 지지하고 있다. 이렇게 종피 형질은 장미과 Agrimoniinae(짚신나물아족)의 속간의 계통분류학적 이해에 매우 유용한 형질임을 밝힌다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

Objective: Zona pellucida (ZP) has been thought to be the barrier of egg to sperm penetration before and after fertilization. The phenomenon of ZP hardening has been considered as a post-fertilization event until now, and it is generally accepted that it is caused by the secretory products of cortical granules released during the cortical reaction. Hardening of ZP could occur "spontaneously" in mammalian oocytes in standard culture conditions, and that it is probably not a consequence of cortical reaction. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of human amniotic fluid (HAF) on nuclear maturation (NM) and fertilization ability of mouse immature oocytes. Methods: HAF was obtained from patients undergoing amniocentesis at $16{\sim}20$ weeks of gestation. HAF from five to ten patients was centrifuged and the supernatants was pooled. Cumulusenclosed mouse immature oocytes were incubated in the medium containing HAF, and examined to confirm NM and fertilization. Female ICR mice (about 3 weeks old) were stimulated with 7.5 IU PMSG. Immature oocytes were isolated at $48{\sim}52$ hrs post PMSG injection and cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with 20% HAF for 18 hrs. FBS was used as a control for the examination. Matured oocytes (MII) were fertilized with sperms collected from the epididymis of male mice (over 10 weeks old). Fertilization was in conducted T6 medium containing 15 mg/ml BSA, and confirmed at 6 hrs post-insemination. Fertilization rate was assessed in zona-intact or zona-free oocytes (denuded by trypsin). Evaluation of NM and fertilization was carried out by rapid staining method. ZP hardening was evaluated by incubating cumulus cell-free mature oocytes in 0.001% chymotrypsin at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Results: There was no significant difference between the effects of HAF (86.6%) and FBS (87.7%) supplements on NM of immature oocytes. When maturation medium was supplemented with HAF, total fertilization rates (7%) were significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of FBS (85.1%). In HAF group, fertilization rate was increased (p<0.01) in zona-free oocytes (7% versus 100%). The resistance of mouse oocyte ZP to digestion by chymotrypsin after maturation in vitro was significantly higher (p<0.01) in HAF group (86.7%) than in FBS (6.7%). To culture oocytes in FBS were very effective in preventing ZP hardening. However cultured oocytes in HAF showed high rate of ZP hardening (p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that HAF can be used as a supplement for the NM of mouse immature oocytes in vitro. However, HAF induces spontaneous hardening of ZP of mouse immaure oocytes during maturation in vitro.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1997

Cytogenetic observations of loss of the distal portion of the Y chromosome long arm were found to be associated with disrupted spermatogenesis. The existence of a gene involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis, the azoospermia factor (AZF), was postulated. In this study, we screened the AZF region including DAZ and DAZH genes and observed the expression pattern of DAZ and DAZH transcript in infertile men with azoospermia and oligospermia by using a sequence-tagged site (STS)-based PCR method. PCR primers were synthesized for 11 STSs that span Yq interval 6, SRY, DAZ, and DAZH, functional DAZ homologue on chromosome 3. Microdeletions were detected in 4/32 (12.5%) azoospermic men and 1/11 (9%) severe oligospermic men. Only 2 of 5 patients had microdeletions of Yq that contained the DAZ gene, whereas the other 3 patients had deletions extending from intervals 5L-6F proximal to the DAZ gene on Yq. Testis biopsies of the azoospermic patients revealed a variety from Sertoli cell-only syndrome to testicular maturation arrest. Of 4 men with clinical data available, average testis size was R: 13.8 cc, L: 13.8 cc, serum T was $4.0{\pm}1.25$ ng/ml, LH was $3.63{\pm}1.90$ mIU/ml, and FSH was $8.85{\pm}5.13$ mIU/ml. These values did not differ significantly from the remainder of the patients tested. We could not observed the DAZ transcript in 2 patients, who have no mature spermatozoa. In 11.6% of patients microdeletions of the AZF could be detected. These deletions in the AZF region seem to be involved causing spermatogenic failure. But the frequency of microdeletions proximal to DAZ suggests that DAZ is not the only gene associated with spermatogenic failure.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

It is well known that the zona pellucidae of mouse oocytes become "hardened" when they are allowed to mature in vitro in the absence of serum components. To see if oocytes already undergone meiotic resumption in vivo exhibit similar zona hardening, hardening of ZP of cumulus-enclosed oocytes(CEOs) was examined after culture in vitro since their release from follicles various hours after hCG injection. When CEOs matured in vivo for 3h or longer were subjected to culture in vitro for 14h with BSA alone, zona hardening was significantly reduced compared to those cultured in vitro from the begining of maturation. However, when CEOs matured in vivo for 5h were freed from cumulus cells and then cultured in vitro with BSA alone, little reduction of zona hardening was observed. Preincubation of CEOs for 5h with fetuin, one of the well known inhibitor of in vitro zone hardening, did not prevent zona hardening during its subsequent culture of CEOs for 14h without fetuin. However, when CEOs precultured with both fetuin and PMSG for 5h and then further cultured with BSA alone for 14h, zona hardening was dramatically reduced. Under these conditions, the expansion of cumulus cell was observed. In addition, CEOs cultured with both BSA and dbcAMP to prevent their meiotic resumption showed a significant increase of zona hardening. Whether the observed zona hardening was correlated with the conversion of ZP2 to $ZP2_{f}$ was examined. Zona pellucida, isolated from CEOs matured for 5h in vivo and then further cultured with BSA alone was subjected to SDS-PAGE. Most of ZP2 molecules from these CEOs did not undergo conversion from ZP2 to $ZP2_{f}$. From these results, it is concluded that CEOs undergone meiotic resumption in vivo do not exhibit zona hardening when they were subsequently cultured in vitro without serum components. It appears that cumulus cells play an important role in this phenomenon.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

'Meyer' zoysiagrass(Zoysia iaponica Steud.)는 일반적으로 미국 중부지역에서 골프장 페어 웨이 또는 티에 일반적으로 많이 쓰이는 잔디로 적은 시비와 관수와 함께 좋은 플래이를 제공한다. 하지만 그늘 지역에서의 생육이 저하되어 품질을 떨어뜨린다. 감소되어진 광량은 잔디 잎의 웃자람을 일으키며 밀도가 저하되고 약한 잔디 생육과 함께 답압이나 디보트에 따른 재생을 저하시킨다. 이 실험의 목적은 TE의 처리가 그늘 지역에서의 잔디의 웃자람을 억제하고 품질을 향상 시키는가를 알아보기 위함에 있다. 이 실험에서 두 가지 처리는 차광 조건(0%, 79%, 92% 차광막) 과 TE [0, 48(0.5x), $96g{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;a.i(1x)$]로 적용하였다. 무 차광 처리 시, 0.5x-비율로 TE처리에서 4 주후 무 처리구에 비해 18%의 잔디 예초물의 감소를 보였고 1x-비율의 TE 처리는 $30{\sim}38%$의 예초물 감소를 보였다. 매달 1x-비율의 TE 처리 시 무 차광 처리와 79% 차광에서 zosiagrass의 밀도를 증가 시켰다. 무 처리에 비해 두 TE 비율의 처리가 잔디의 웃자람을 감소시켰으며 1x-비율로 TE 처리 시 79% 차광에서 잔디 품질이 저하되는 것이 지연되었다. 이 실험에서 그늘진 지역에서의 TE 처리가 zoysiagrass 의 웃자람을 줄이고 잔디 품질을 향상 시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1998

1993년 1월부터 12월까지 한국 서해 군산시 오식도 조간대에서 채집한 대맛조개를 대상으로 정자형성과정 및 생식주기를 조직학적 및 투과형전자현미경으로 조사하엿다. 대맛조개(Solen grandis)는 자웅이체이다. 본 종의 완숙정자의 형태 구조는 다른 이매패의 정자들이 갖는 원시형(primitive type)으로 작은 두부와 한 개의 두모첨체를 가지며, 편모축사를 둘러싸고 있는 4개의 미토콘드리아로 이루어진 짧은 중편을 갖는 것이 관찰되었다. 완숙정자 두부의 길이는 대략 2 \mu m정도였고, 정자 미부의 길이는 약 20 \mu m 정도였다. 정자 미부 편모의 axoneme은 중앙의 2개의 미세소관(microtubule)과 주변에 위치한 9쌍의 미세소관으로 구성되어 있었다. 본 종의 방정기는 6월과 7월 사이로써 주된 방정시기는 해수수온이 20 \circ C 이상 상승하는 7월에 일어났다. 생식주기는 초기활성기 (12-1월), 후기 활성기 (1-3월), 완숙기 (3-8월), 부분방정기 (6-7월), 퇴화 및 비활성기 (8-12월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2011

The neurotrophins, required for the survival and differentiation of the nervous system, are known to be important for the development of the reproductive tissues. However, the signals initiating the growth of follicles, gamete development, and transport and the development of zygote in the reproductive system of cows remain ambiguous. The purpose of the present study was to identify the transcripts and proteins of Neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in bovine reproductive tissues. The transcripts and immunoreactivity of NT4 and TrkB proteins were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Using immunohistochemistry, the specific immunoreactivity of NT4 and TrkB were detected in the oocytes of primordial follicles and in the growing primary follicles. The NT4 and TrkB immunoreactivity was predominantly observed in granulosa cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oocyte complexes, theca cells of mature follicles, as well as in the oviduct epithelial cells, uterine gland cell, and epithelium cells of the uterus during the follicular and luteal phases in cows. Expressions of NT4 and TrkB mRNAs were not significantly different among the ovary, oviduct, and uterus of the follicular phase. For the luteal phase, the expression of NT4 mRNA in the ovary was significantly higher than that in the oviduct and uterus, and the expression of TrkB mRNA in the oviduct was significantly higher than that in the ovary and uterus, as determined by fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of NT4 mRNA was significantly higher than that of TrkB mRNA in the ovary and uterus, whereas NT4 mRNA expression was lower than that of TrkB mRNA in the oviduct during the luteal phase. The present study hypothesizes that NT4 participates in the regulation of both gonads and extra-gonadal reproductive tissues in cows.