• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2002

Diamond-like Carbon(DLC) films were deposited on Si wafers by an RF-plasma-assisted CVD using CH$_4$gas. Tribological tests were conducted with the use of a rotating type ball on a disk friction tester with dry air. This study made use of four kinds of mating balls that were made with stainless steel but subjected to different annealing conditions in order to achieve different levels of hardness. In all load conditions, testing results demonstrated that the harder the mating materials, the lower the friction coefficient was. The friction coefficients were fecund to be lower with austenite mating balls than with fully annealed martensite balls. Conversely, the high friction coefficient found in soft martensite balls appeared to be caused by the larger contact area between the DLC film and the ball. The wear tracks on DLC films and mating balls could prove that effect. Measuring the wear track of both DLC films and mating balls revealed a similar tendency compared to the results of friction coefficients. The wear rate of austenite balls was also less than that of fully annealed martensite balls. Friction eoefficients decrease when applied leads exceed critical amount. The wear track on mating balls showed that a certain amount of material transfer occurs from the DLC film to the mating ball during a high friction process. Raman Spectra analysis Showed that the transferred materials were a kind of graphite and that the contact surface of the DLC film seemed to undergo a phase transition from carbon to graphite during the high friction process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.50-55
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• 2003

Tribological testing of DLC films was conducted using a rotating type ball on a disk friction tester in a dry chamber. This study made use of four kinds of mating balls that were made with stainless steel but subjected to diverse annealing conditions in order to achieve different levels of hardness. In all load conditions using martensite mating balls, the test results demonstrated that the friction coefficient was lower when the mating materials were harder. The high friction coefficient found in soft martensite balls appeared to be caused by the larger contact areas. The wear track on the mating balls indicated that a certain amount of material transfer occurs from the DLC film to the mating ball during the high friction process. Raman Spectra analysis showed that the transferred materials were a kind of graphite and that the contact surface of the DLC film seemed to undergo a phase transition from carbon to graphite during the high friction process.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2010

In order to investigate the wear behavior of aluminum alloy depended on different hardness of the mating tool steel, sliding wear tests were conducted. It was found that the wear characteristics pattern of aluminum alloy for sliding speed was not affected by the hardness of the mating tool steel. However, the effects of the hardness of the mating tool steel exhibited only in relatively low sliding speed ranges. At these ranges, the wear rate of aluminum alloy decreased when increasing the hardness of the mating tool steel. This was attributed by the fact that $Al_2O_3$ particles released from the aluminum worn surface were crushed and embedded on the mating worn surface with high hardness level. At the high sliding speed ranges, wear of aluminum alloy was hardly occurred by the formation of thick $Al_2O_3$ film on the worn surface, regardless of the hardness of the mating tool steel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.147-148
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• 2002

This study made use of four kinds of mating balls that were made with stainless steel but subjected to different annealing conditions in order to achieve different levels of hardness. In all load conditions, testing results demonstrated that the harder the mating materials, the lower the friction coefficient was. Conversely, the high friction coefficient found in soft martensite balls appeared to be caused by the larger contact area between the DLC film and the ball. Raman Spectra analysis showed that the transferred materials were a kind of graphite and that the contact surface of the DLC film seemed to undergo a phase transition from carbon to graphite during the high friction process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.260-266
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• 2002

DLC films were deposited on Si wafer by RF plasma assisted CVD using CH4 gas. Tribological tests were conducted using rotating type ball on disk friction tester in dry air. Four kinds of mating balls were used. The mating balls were made with stainless steel but apply different annealing conditions to achieve different hardness conditions. Testing results in all load conditions showed that the harder the mating materials, the lower the friction coefficient among the three kind of martensite mating balls. In case of austenite balls, the friction coefficients were lower than fully annealed martensite ball. The high friction coefficient in soft martensite balls seems to be caused by the larger contact area between DLC film and ball. The wear tracks of DLC films and mating balls could have proven that effect. Measuring the wear track of both DLC films and mating balls have similar tendency comparing to the results of friction coefficients. Wear rate of austenite balls were also smaller than that of fully annealed martensite ball. The results of effect of applying load showed, the friction coefficients were become decrease when the applying loads exceed critical load conditions. The wear track of mating balls showed that some material transfer occurs from DLC film to mating ball during the high friction process. Raman spectra analysis showed that transferred material was a kind of graphite and contact surface of DLC film seems to undergo phase transition from carbon to graphite during the high friction process.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.195-200
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• 2016

This study examines the wear behavior of mild steel pins mated against alloyed tool steel discs in a pin-on-disc type sliding test machine and provides specific clarification regarding the effects of disc hardness on the wear behavior of a mating mild steel pin. The analysis confirms these effects through the observation of differences in the wear rates of the mild steel pins at low sliding speed ranges. These differences occur even though the hardness of the mating disc does not affect the wear characteristic curve patterns for the sliding speeds, regardless of the wear regime. In the running-in wear regime, increasing the hardness of the mating disc results in a decrease in the wear rates of the mild steel pins at low sliding speed ranges. However, in the steady-state wear region, the wear rate of a pin mated against the 42DISC is greater than the wear rate of a pin mated against the 30DISC, which has a lower hardness value. This means that the tribochemical reactivity of the mating disc, which is based on hardness value, influences the wear behavior of mild steel at low sliding speed ranges. In particular, oxides with higher oxygen contents, such as $Fe_2O_3$ oxides, form predominantly on the worn surface of the 42DISC. On the contrary, the wear behavior of mild steel pins at high sliding speed ranges is nearly unaffected by the hardness of the mating disc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.173-174
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• 2002

To study the effects of mating materials on the tribological properties of DLC films. we used a ball-on-plate reciprocating friction tester in dry air and mating materials of martensite stainless steel (hardened, annealed SUS440C), austenite stainless steels (SUS304), and bearing steel (hardened, annealed SUJ2). At a light load of 0.6 N, the friction coefficient always exceeded ${\mu}>0.3$. Tribological properties of DLC film were still excellent above 0.6 N, except in sliding against annealed SUJ2. Analysis using micro-laser Raman spectroscopy showed that the difference between annealed SUJ2 and others materials appears mainly due to structural change in film.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-33
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• 1974

The four stocks of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) SING.-1-3, 16-3, 5NG2, 5NG3 were used as mating materials. As a result of full stock mating pattern for four stocks, all of mating types formed clamp connection but degrees of formation of clamp connection and period required for the formation were somewhat different among all of the mating types. In the mating of two New Guinean stocks-5NG2, 5NG3-, the mycelial growth and the formation of clamp connection was comparatively reduced.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.276-280
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• 2001

Fusarium isolates of Gibberella fujikuroi species complex were obtained from sorghum grown in five provinces of Korea in 1996 and 1997. These isolates were characterized based on their mating behavior, mycotoxin production, and vegetative compatibility. Only three mating populations (A, D, and F) were recovered from a total of 155 isolates examined. The relative frequency of the mating populations was significantly different: F was predominant (80%), while D and A were observed at low frequencies of 9% and 3%, respectively. Female fertile isolates were more common within F (44 our of 124) than D (2 out of 14), while none of the five A isolates were female fertile. The inbreeding effective population sizes ($\textrm{N}_e$)for mating type and male/hermaphrodite ratios in mating populations A and D produced significant amounts of fumonisins, while F isolates produced none or only traces of fumonisin B$_1$. In contrast. F isolates produced higher amounts of moniliformin (average of 3,820 ppm) than A and D isolates (averages of 77 and 1,819 ppm, respectively). Fifty-one isolates were tested for vegetative compatibility using nitrogen non-utilization mutants of each isolate, and 44 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. A single VC type (VC1) was found in all of the five A isolates examined. Six of the D isolates examined consisted of three VC types: two for VC2, two for VC3, and the rest for VC4. All of the F isolates tested were incompatible in every combination and , thus, each constituted a unique VCG.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 2001

Statement of problem. There have been previous studies about instability according to screw material by means of calculating preload in tightening screw or recording of the torque necessary to loosen screw after tightening screw. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate screw joint stability through the analysis of fitness at the mating thread surfaces between implant and screw after tightening screws made of different materials. Material and methods. In this study, screws were respectively used to secure a cemented abutment to a hexlock implant fixture; teflon coated titanium alloy screw and titanium alloy screw(Steri-Oss), gold-plated gold-palladium alloy screw and titanium alloy screw(Implant Innovation), gold screw and titanium screw(AVANA Dental Implant System). Each abutment screw was secured to the implant with recommended torque value using a digital torque controller. Each screw was again tightened after 10minutes. All samples were cross sectioned with sandpaper and polished. Then samples were evaluated with an scanning electron microscope analysis. Results. In titanium alloy screw, irregular contact and relatively large gap was present at mating thread surface. Also in teflon-coated titanium screw, incomplete seating and only partially contact was present at the mating thread surface. In gold-plated gold-palladium alloy screw, relatively close and tight contact without the presence of large gap was present by existing of gold coating at the mating thread surfaces. In gold alloy screw, relatively small gap between the mating components was seen. Conclusions. This result suggested that gold plated gold-palladium alloy screw and gold alloy screw achieved a greater degree of contact at the mating thread surfaces compared to titanium alloy screw and teflon-coated titanium alloy screw.