• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2013

Bovine coat color is decided by the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genotype mutation and melanogenesis. Specially, in the various cattle breeds, dominant black coat color is expressed by dominant genotype of $E^D$, red or brown is expressed in the frame shift mutation of recessive homozygous e by base pair deletion and wild type of $E^+$ is expressed in various coat colors. However, not very well known about the effected of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color through family lines in KBC. Therefore, this study were to investigate effect of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color, and to suggest mating breed system in accordance with of MC1R genotype for increased on brindle coat color appearance. Parents (sire 2 heads and dam 3 heads) and offspring (total : 54 heads) from crossbreeding in KBC family line with the MC1R genotype and phenotype records were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes expression verified by PCR-RFLP, and brindle coat color appearance to the family line of the cross mating breed from MC1R genotype pattern was determined. As a result, 4MC1R genetic variations, $E^+/E^+$ (sire 1), $E^+/e$ (sire 2 and dam 3), $E^+/e$ with 4 bands of 174, 207 and 328 bp (dam 1) and $E^+/e$ with 3 bands of 174, 207, 328 and 535 bp (dam 2) from parents (sire and dam) of KBC. However, 3 genetic variations, e/e (24%), $E^+/E^+$ (22%) and $E^+/e$ (56%) were identified in offspring. Also, brindle coat color expressrated was the e/e with the 0%, $E^+/E^+$ with 67% and $E^+/e$ with 77% from MC1R genotype in offspring on the cross mating of KBC. Furthermore, when the sire had $E^+/e$ genotype and the dam had $E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$ genotype, and both had whole body-brindle coat color, 62% of the offspring had whole body-brindle coat color. Therefore, the seresults, the mating system from MC1R genotype patterns of the sires ($E^+/e$) and dams ($E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$) with brindle coat color may have the highest whole body-brindle coat color expression in their offspring.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.92-98
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• 1994

Phytophthora infestans populations collected from various geographical locations of Korea in 1991 and 1993 were analyzed for mating types and responses to metalaxyl. Both A1 and A2 mating type isolates were detected in 1991. The majority of the isolates were A2 mating type, but no A1 mating type was detected in 1993. About 40% of the isolates collected in 1991 were resistant to metalaxyl, and the distribution of metalaxyl-resistant isolates of P. infestans was strongly associated with their geographic origins in Korea. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates with EC50 values > 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml were collected from the northern provinces of Kangwon, Kyungbuk, and Chonbuk, but not from the southern provinces of Kyungnam, Chonnam, and Jeju in 1991. The drastic increase in the degree of quantitative resistance to metalaxyl was detected among the isolates from the southern provinces during 1991~1993. More than 50% of the isolates collected from the southern provinces of Kyungnam and Chonnam in 1993 had EC50 values >50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The province of Kangwon had isolates with the greatest resistance to metalaxyl. this alpine areas might be the origin of metalaxyl-resistant isolates of P. infestans in Korea. The A2 genotype with metalaxyl resistance appears to be displacing the A1 genotype which is presently the predominant genotype in Korea.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

새로운 백색 팽이 품종을 육성하고자 수집균주 중 백색자실체를 생성하는 5개의 이핵계통을 선발하고 이들로부터 단핵균주를 분리하였다. 분리된 단핵균주 계통의 교배형을 검정한 결과 A1B1A2B2 이었으며, 이핵균주들에 비하여 균사생장 속도가 느리고 변이폭도 좁다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 분리된 단핵계통의 근연간 교배를 수행한 결과 육성된 모든 이핵균주는 백색이었으며 모본보다 우수한 균주들을 선발할 수 있었다. 특히 Fv 4-1균주는 가장 높은 수량성과 안정성을 나타내었다. 또한 상호교배에 의해 일부교배조합에서 세포질효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 근연간 교배법은 기존 재배품종들이 가진 백색과 같은 특성을 유지하면서 새로운 품종을 육성하기 위한 방법으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2002

The Phytophthora infestans requires two mating types for sexual reproduction. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to specifically detect different mating types of P. infestans. The AFLP primers E+AA (5'-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAA-3') and M+CAA (5'-GATGAGTCCTGAG-TAAC AA-3') detected a fragment that is specific in the A2 mating type of P. infestans. This fragment was cloned and sequenced. Based on the sequence data, PHYB-1 and PHYB-2 primer were designed to detect the A2 mating type of P. infestans. A single 347 bp segment was observed in the A2 mating type of P. infestans, but not in the A1 mating type of P. infestans or other Phytophthora spp. Identification of mating type was performed with phenotype (sexual reproduction) and genotype (CAPs marker) methods. Two factors, the annealing temperature and template DNA quantity, were investigated to determine the optimal conditions. Using mating type-specific primers, a unique band was obtained within annealing temperatures of 57$^{\circ}C$-62$^{\circ}C$ and DNA levels of 10pg-100 ng (data not shown).

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2021

For a locus with two alleles (IA and IB), the frequencies of the alleles are represented by $$p=f(I^A)={\frac{2N_{AA}+N_{AB}}{2N} },\;q=f(I^B)={\frac{2N_{BB}+N_{AB}}{2N}}$$ where NAA, NAB and NBB are the numbers of IA IA, IA IB and IB IB respectively and N is the total number of populations. The frequencies of the genotypes expected are calculated by using p2, 2pq and q2. So in this paper, we consider the method of whether some genotypes is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. Also we calculate the probability generating function for the offspring number of genotype produced by a mating of the ith male and jth female under a diploid model of N population with N1 males and N2 females. Finally, we have conditional joint probability generating function of genotype frequencies.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.76-95
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• 2009

In the fungal genus Cordyceps, the type species Cordyceps militaris produces bioactive ingredients and exhibits medicinal effects as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), The fruiting bodies of C.militaris have now been mass-produced artificially and used as functional food and medicine in China. The unstable variation in forming fruiting body is however a key restrictive factor in industrial production. The genetic study on in vitro stromata formation of C. militaris has rarely been carried out. Here, we report the effects of genetic variation including the mating system on perithecial stromata formation of C. militaris. Monoconidial isolates which have both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1(genotype MAT1-1/2) could produce stromata. While the isolates only have either MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1 (genotype MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) failed to produce stromata. Despite obvious heterothallism, homothallism was occasionally observed in a few isolates of C. militaris. High genetic variation was observed amongst the different monoconidial isolates of C. militaris. The unstable variation or lose of fruiting body formation was found to be caused by the inner-species high genetic variation of C. militaris. These results also indicated that C. militaris sexually behaved as both heterothallic and homothallic and required two mating type compatible in the same culture in order to produce regular clubshaped perithecial stromata.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권3호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2010

소나무 채종원내 클론 간 교배양식을 구명하기 위해서 4개의 nSSR 표지와 6개의 cpSSR 표지를 이용하여 소나무 채종원 내에서의 타가교배율, 기여 화분친 수, 화분오염율을 산출하였다. cpSSR haplotype에 근거한 타가교배율은 94~100%로, 평균 98.9%의 타가교배율이 산출되었다. nSSR genotype에 근거한 타가교배율은 90.3~100%로, 평균 95.9%의 타가교배율이 산출되었다. 별개의 DNA 표지분석에서 자가교배로 확인 되었던 종자들을 두 표지를 동시에 비교하여 확인한 결과 타가교배 종자로 최종 확인되었다(누적 타가교배율 100%). 화분오염율은 최소 43.6%(강원10)에서 최대 56.4%(강원12)로 평균 48.9%로 계산되었다. 종자의 cpSSR haplotype을 근거로 확인한 기여 화분친은 경북38에서 21개로 최대치가 확인되었으며, 강원10에서 13개로 최소치가 확인되어 평균 16.2개의 기여 화분친이 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 안면도 소나무 채종원 ’77단지내 클론간 높은 타가교배율이 확인됨으로써 채종원산 종자의 유전적 안정성을 기대할 수 있으며, 안면도 소나무 채종원 '77단지 내 교배양식 분석을 통해서 확인된 결과가 향후 전진세대 채종원 조성 및 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2012

본 연구는 PCR-RFLP 기법으로 칡소의 모색 발현에 관련된 MC1R 유전자형을 분석하고, 칡소 유전자형에 따른 모색 발현 양상을 가계와 교배조합을 통하여 연구함으로써 칡소에서 호반모의 발현 비율을 증가시키는 번식 체계를 확립하고자 수행하였다. 전라북도축산위생연구소에서 사육중인 칡소 중에서 부계 또는 모계를 알고 있는 가계가 형성된 칡소로부터 혈액 또는 정자에서 genomic DNA를 추출한 후 MC1R 유전자를 증폭하였다. 증폭된 PCR product를 Msp I 제한효소로 절단하고 전기영동한 후 칡소 개체별 유전자형을 확인하였고, 이 외에도 칡소의 모색 양상과 비경의 흑색침착 정도에 따른 모색 발현 비율을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 칡소의 모색 발현 양상은 전신호반모가 61.67%로 가장 높았고 흑모는 5.00%로 가장 낮았으며 황모는 16.67%, 부분(약반신)과 부분(일부) 호반모는 각각 8.33%로 같은 분포 양상을 보였다. 칡소의 비경 침착 양상은 3단계와 4단계가 비슷한 비율로 높았고, 다음이 2단계, 5단계, 1단계의 순이었다. 칡소의 비경에 따른 모색 발현 양상은 비경 침착이 3단계와 4단계인 칡소에서는 전신 호반모의 비율이 다른 모색 보다 높았고, 비경 침착이 1단계인 칡소는 그 중에서 황모가 80.00% (4/5)로 나타났으며, 비경 침착이 5단계인 칡소에서는 다른 단계에서 발현되지 않았던 흑모의 비율이 37.50%를 나타냈다. 칡소에는 $E^+E^+$, $E^+e$, ee 유전자형과 한우에는 ee, $E^+e$ 유전자형이 존재하였다. 칡소 MC1R 유전자형은 $E^+e$이 65.00%로 가장 높았고 $E^+E^+$은 33.33%이었고 ee도 1두로 1.67%이었다. 유전자형에 따른 모색 발현 양상을 보면, $E^+E^+$과 $E^+e$에서는 전신 호반모의 비율이 가장 높게 나타났고 ee는 황모를 나타냈다. 칡소의 가계 분석을 통한 모색 발현 양상을 조사한 결과, 부(Sire)의 유전자형이 $E^+e$ 이고 모(Dam)의 유전자형이 $E^+E^+$ 이면서 부모의 모색이 모두 전신호반모일 경우 자손의 모색은 100.00% 전신호반모였고, 부(Sire)의 유전자형이 $E^+E^+$ 이고 모(Dam)의 유전자형이 $E^+e$이면서 부모의 모색이 모두 전신호반모일 경우도 자손에서 모색의 44.44%가 호반모의 비율을 보여 두 가지의 교배조합의 경우가 자손의 전신호반모 비율을 높이는 최적의 교배 조합으로 보여진다. 이 연구의 결과를 이용하여 칡소로 판정받을 수 있는 가장 중요한 요소인 호반모의 발현비율을 증가시키는 번식 체계를 칡소 사육농가에 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.192-195
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• 1997

Thirty adults Desi and Khaki Campbell ducks were distributed to 6 farmers of Chakcharpur village of Mymensingh district. These ducks were subjected 3 types of mating e.g. Desi ${\times}$ Desi, Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Khaki Campbell and Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi-having 10 ducks (male : female = 1 : 4) in each mating group. Each mating group was then divided into two having 5 ducks(male : female = 1 : 4) and distributed to 2 farmers. After collecting eggs from each mating category, these were hatched by broody hens from which a total of 90 day old ducklings, 30 from each genotype were raised from birth to 90 days after the onest of laying. Although the weight of the day old chicks were similar in all genotypes (40-43 g), body weight was the highest (p <0.01) for Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi (1,543) before the onset of laying followed by Khaki Campbell (1,552 g) and Desi (1,448 g) ducks. Khaki Campbell attained maturity at an earlier (p < 0.01) age (147 days) followed by Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi, (154 days) and Desi (161 days) ducks. Khaki Campbell laid maximum (p < 0.01) number of eggs (46) compared to Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi, (30) and Desi (18) ducks 90 days after the onset of laying. However, eggs were heavier (p < 0.01) in Desi (61.9) ducks compared to other genotypes. Fertility and hatchability were also higher in Desi ducks than the other two genotypes. Mortality was also lover in Desi ducks (3.33%) followed by Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi (6.66%) and Khaki Campbell (16.66%) ducks. The results presented here indicated the superiority of Desi ducks over the other two genotypes with respect to egg weight, fertility, hatchability and mortality under village condition. Pure and crossbreds, on the other hand, were heavier at sexual maturity at relatively younger age and laid more eggs.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

To assess parameters of mating system in seed orchard, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, seeds, produced in '77 plot of the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S et Z) seed orchard at Anmyeon island, were collected in 2007 and analysed by nSSR and cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates ranged from 91.2 to 100% (mean 97.7%) on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes and from 81.6 to 100% (mean 95.3%) on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. By cross checking of both DNA markers, seeds, presumed to be products of self pollination on the basis of single marker, were confirmed as outcrossed seeds, which resulted in cumulative outcrossing rates of 98.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, the number of pollen contributors and paternal contribution rates were estimated as 14.8 and 0.512, respectively. In conclusion, considering pretty high level of outcrossing rates observed in a seed orchard, good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Investigated results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also be expected to provide useful information for the management and establishment of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.