• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate differences in maternal role confidence and parenting stress according to the infant's feeding method. Method: The participants were 257 mothers of infants aged 5$\sim$7 months. 145 breast-feeding mothers and 112 bottle-feeding mothers participated. The Maternal Role Confidence Scale and Parenting Stress Index(PSI) were used. Results: The score of maternal role confidence of breast-feeding mothers (3.28) was significantly higher than that of bottle-feeding mothers(2.84). In addition, the parenting stress level of breast-feeding mothers(1.80) was lower than that of bottle-feeding mothers(2.97). However, the scores of maternal role confidence and the parenting stress level were not different according to the mother's and infant's personality characteristics. There was a significant negative correlation between the score of maternal role confidence and parenting stress levels(r=-.55, p<.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding mothers had more confidence of their maternal role, and a lower parenting stress level. Therefore, nurses must encourage infant mothers to breast feed since it is the best option for mothers as well as infants.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.103-119
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the relationships between preschoolers' difficult temperament, resilience, problematic behaviors, and maternal parenting stress. In addition, the research examined the moderating effects of resilience on the relationships between maternal parenting stress, preschoolers'difficult temperament and problematic behaviors Methods: The participants were 200 four to six year olds attending kindergartens and daycare centers in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, or Gangwon-do. Mothers completed the questionaries to measure children's temperament, parenting stress, and problem behaviors. Children's resilience was assessed by teacher ratings. Results: Significant correlations were found among maternal parenting stress, preschoolers' difficult temperament and problematic behaviors. Moreover, resilience moderated the associations between difficult temperament and problematic behaviors but it did not moderate the relation between maternal parenting stress and problematic behaviors. Conclusion/Implications: The results suggest that it is necessary to provide comprehensive intervention to reduce maternal parenting stress and improve preschoolers'resilience in order to prevent their problematic behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maternal sociodemographic characteristics, especially education and employment, and parenting stress on the child's self-concept. Attention was also paid to the mediating impact of parenting style on the relationship between the maternal variables and a child's self-concept. Methods : A questionnaire and three scales were completed by fifth graders and their mothers, and 270 sets of paired data were analyzed. Results : The results showed that mothers with higher education experienced less child-related parenting stress, were perceived to be more achievement-oriented and rational by their children, and also had children with more positive self-concept. The relationship between maternal education and child's self-concept was mediated by the rationality dimension of parenting style. Maternal employment was not related to parenting stress, parenting style and most aspects of the child's self-concept. Lastly, child-related parenting stress had a negative effect on the child's self-concept, and this effect was mediated by the warmth and rationality dimensions of parenting style. Conclusion : Parenting style had a mediating effect on the relationships between the child's self-concept and maternal education and child-related parenting stress.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on postpartum stress and maternal attachment of puerperal women. Methods: The participants were puerperal women who agreed to participate in this study and through a convenience sampling, 84 puerperal women were recruited (40 in the experimental group, 44 in the control group). After measuring postpartum stress and maternal attachment, music therapy was provided to the experimental group over 60min, three times a week, and for 2 weeks. Then, postpartum stress and maternal attachment for the experimental and control group were measured again before discharge. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. Results: The first hypothesis that "the degree of postpartum stress for the experimental group who participated in music therapy would be lower than that of the control group" was accepted. The second hypothesis that "the degree of maternal attachment the experimental group who participated in music therapy would be higher than that of the control group" was accepted. Conclusion: These findings indicate that music therapy has positive influences on decreasing postpartum stress and increasing maternal attachment of puerperal women.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.135-154
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• 2014

This study examined the causal relationships between parenting stress and self-efficacy of Korean mothers with an infant according to employment status using the second through fourth wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC). Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was performed to test the longitudinal reciprocal relationships between the two constructs. Our results indicated that both maternal parenting stress and self-efficacy were consistent over time. The results also indicated that there was a significant cross-lagged effect of maternal parenting stress on their self-efficacy, rather than vice versa. No differences between working and non-working mothers were found in the relationship between the two constructs.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.225-235
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• 2002

The purpose of this research is to delineate the effect of maternal variables of the verbal abuse. Such variables as the mother's age, her education level, and maternal parenting stress have been chosen for the analysis. The sample subject were 659 pairs of fifth/sixth grade of elementary school and firs/second grade of middle school, and their mothers. The major findings of the research are as follows: first, looking at the correlation between the mother's age/education level and the verbal abuse, the verbal abuse factor shows difference correlating to the mother's age/education level. Second, looking at the correlation between the material parenting stress level and the verbal abuse, the verbal abuse factor shows difference correlating to the maternal parenting stress level. Third, the result of multiple regression analysis on the effects of the maternal variables to the verbal abuse indicates that material parenting stress is the significant contributing factor. All in all, the maternal variables account for 9% of the verbal abuse score.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.279-298
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• 2004

In this study, a sample of 249 mothers of 5- to 7-year-old kindergarteners responded to 4 questionnaires regarding maternal parenting stress, efficacy and behavior, and children's social competence. Teachers of the children also rated social competence. Correlations and regressions showed that parenting stress and difficulties in parenting were negatively related and parenting confidence and behavior were positively related to social competence, respectively. Parenting stress was the most influential variable to explain social competence. Maternal parenting stress was negatively related to parenting behavior and confidence, and it was positively related to difficulties in parenting. Parenting confidence was positively related and difficulties in parenting were negatively related to the subscales of parenting behavior, respectively. Parenting efficacy tended to play a mediating role between maternal parenting stress and parenting behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to delineate the effect of maternal variables of the children's depression. Such variables as the mother's age, her education level and maternal parenting stress have been chosen for the analysis. The sample subject were 659 pairs of fifth/sixth grade of elementary school and first/second grade of middle school and their mothers. The data were analyzed frequency, percentage, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The major findings of the research are as follows : First, the children's depression is significantly related to mother's education level but the children's depression is not significantly related to mother's age. Second, parenting stress related to temperament, relationship and learning expectation is significantly related to children's depression. Third, the result of step multiple regression analysis on the effects of the maternal variables to the children's depression indicates that maternal parenting stress related to temperament, relationship and mother education level are the significant contributing factor. All in all, the maternal variables account for 7% of the children's depression score.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.31-44
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of maternal parenting stress through early childhood between urban(Seoul and Incheon) and rural area(Iksan and Kimpo). The subjects were 286 unemployed mothers who have less than 5-year-old children. The statistics used for this data were frequency, percentile, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The finding from the present study certainly suggested that mother's level of self-differentiation, marital satisfaction, father's parenting support turned out to a significant variables on maternal parenting stress. Results of the regression analysis that the etiologic model of this study was more proper to urban than rural area, and father's parenting support is the most effective variable in predicting maternal parenting stress in both area. Implications based on this study are as follows ; parenting education programs to encourage for father's parenting support with be developed, and various empirical studies about maternal parenting stress in with area will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 2014

This study explored the relationships between maternal mind-mindedness, parenting stress, parenting behaviors and preschoolers' emotional intelligence. The subjects consisted of 107 preschoolers and their mothers. The result of this study are summarized as follows; First, maternal mind-mindedness had an indirect effect on parenting behaviors through parenting stress. Second, maternal mind-mindedness had a direct impact on emotional intelligence. These results clearly indicate that maternal mind-mindedness plays a crucial role in parenting behaviors and preschoolers' emotional intelligence.