• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.151-177
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• 2013

The present study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of a 16-week parent education program based on Respected Parents & Respected Children(RPRC). 124 mothers were assigned to two groups, an intervention (n = 62) group and a waiting (n = 62) group. Mothers in the intervention group participated in the program. After termination of the preventive intervention, differences between pre- and post-tests were examined in maternal characteristics (i.e., depression and anger, maltreatment and general parenting behavior, and parenting efficacy and stress) and preschoolers' aggression. The results indicated that mothers in the intervention group had greater reductions in self-reported negative characteristics. Mothers in the waiting group also reported significant decreases in anger, physical assault and permissiveness/neglect. There was no significant reduction in levels of aggression in the preschoolers. These findings support the argument that a parent education program based on RPRC can be very effective, especially in changing maternal characteristics positively that are crucial to child outcomes.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.28-39
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• 2020

Purpose: To understand the core elements and the effects of interventions on the improvement of parenting capabilities of unmarried mothers living in residential facilities, this study reviewed the literatures related to this concept. Methods: Five electronic databases (KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS) were searched, and eight studies were ultimately selected for the integrative review. Results: The interventions were categorized into two types: psychological intervention and sociocultural intervention. The core elements of the psychological interventions included cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and relational contents. Sociocultural aspects included raising personal skills for finding social support resources. Various studies showed the effects of intervention on efficacy, attachment, or parenting behavior. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, health promotion programs to improve maternal parenting competency for unmarried mothers living in residential facilities need to be developed and applied.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.311-320
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the factors associated with a mothers' caring behavior in health promotion of children with disabilities. Methods: Data were collected by using self-reported questionnaires from 371 mothers who had a 3-12 year old child with a disability from July 14 to 31, 2008. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis with the SPSS program. Results: There were significant differences on the mothers' caring behavior according to children's negative and hyperactive behavior, mothers' perceived burden, parenting efficacy, and social support. Children's characteristics explained 5.1% of mothers' caring behavior. The power of explanation ($R^2$) was 16.6% by adding mother's characteristics including mother's job, burden, parenting efficacy, satisfaction and stigma, and increased to 23.5% by adding social support. Conclusion: These results showed that mothers' caring behavior for their children's health promotion could be influenced by children's behavior problems, mothers' perception of burden, parenting efficacy, and social support. It suggests that health promotion programs for children with disabilities should focus on lowering subjective burden and enhancing mother's efficacy as a type of social support.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.35-57
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• 2015

The present study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design model in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Respected Parents & Respected Children (RPRC) parent education program for mothers of early school-age children. Ninety mothers were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=45) group or a control group (n=45). Mothers in the intervention group participated in 8 weekly sessions of the parent education program. After the termination of the program, the differences between pretest and posttest were analyzed in terms of both maternal parenting characteristics (i.e., parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and co-parenting) and children's social competence. The results indicated that only in the intervention group, self-reported positive parenting characteristics were significantly improved and negative parenting characteristics were significantly decreased. There were no significant effects of the program on children's social competence as rated by the mothers. These findings suggest that the RPRC parent education program is effective in changing parenting characteristics known as crucial predictors of child outcomes.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.116-129
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the maternal health effects of internet-based education interventions on parturients during the postpartum period through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Methods: An electronic literature search of the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, Eric, PsycINFO, PubMed, RISS, and KISS databases was performed, using the combination of keywords such as 'parenthood education', '*natal education', '*birth intervention', 'internet-based intervention', 'randomized controlled trial'. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed papers in English regarding randomized controlled trials of internet-based postnatal education interventions. Educational interventions were delivered through any web, mobile, eHealth, mHealth, virtual reality, short message service, or social networking service platform. Quality appraisal was performed using the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) for randomized controlled trials. Nine articles were yielded, and the intervention effects were analyzed. Results: Internet-based education interventions during the postpartum period affect maternal self-efficacy, postpartum depression, and successive breastfeeding; however, they do not affect maternal satisfaction and parenting confidence. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that internet-based education interventions affect maternal health status in terms of psychological, emotional, and physical wellness. Therefore, maternal health care professionals can utilize remote education using the internet or mobile-based interventions during the postpartum period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.349-368
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify parental factors associated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2009 to June 2019 were identified through systematic search in 10 electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, Web of Science, NDSL, KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, and RISS). Standardized effect sizes were calculated to quantify the associations of parental factors with smartphone overuse in preschoolers using meta-analysis. Results: A total of 30 cross-sectional studies involving 7,943 participants met the inclusion criteria. The following were negatively correlated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers: mother's parenting self-efficacy (r=-.35), mother-child attachment (r=-.28), mother's positive parenting behavior (r=-.28), mother's positive parenting attitude (r=-.25), and father's parenting involvement (r=-.15). Further, maternal factors such as smartphone addiction tendency (r=.41), parenting stress (r=.40), negative parenting behavior (r=.35), negative parenting attitude (r=.14), smartphone usage time (r=.26), employment status (r=.18), and age (r=.12) were positively correlated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers. Conclusion: Several parental factors influence smartphone overuse in preschoolers. These findings emphasize the need to assess and enhance the parental factors identified in this study to prevent smartphone overuse in preschoolers. Accordingly, we recommend the development of preventive interventions to strengthen parent-related protective factors and mitigate risk factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.666-677
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was intended to evaluate the effects of an Infant Health Promotion Program (IHPP) for mothers with their firstborn infants. Methods: This study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants consisted of 17 mothers with their firstborn infants in the experimental group and 17 in the control group from two women's hospitals. The experimental group received eight sessions of the program for four weeks. The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square test and repeated-measures ANOVA using an SPSS/WIN ver. 22.0. Results: The experimental group receiving the program had statistically significant higher levels of infant health promotion knowledge (F = 22.91, p < .001), social support (F = 27.64, p < .001), maternal role confidence (F = 8.25, p = .005) and health promotion behavior for infants (F = 16.85, p < .001) than the control group. The experimental group had a statistically significant lower level of parenting stress than the control group (F = 29.93, p < .001). Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that the IHPP is effective in improving health promotion knowledge, social support, and maternal role confidence and decreasing parenting stress among mothers with their firstborn infants. A method of delivering intervention, focused on readily accessible online platforms, coupled with intervention strategies grounded in the theory of self-efficacy, proves to be an advantageous approach for this particular target group.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.