• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.892-896
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• 2003

In this study, microstructure and piezoelectric properties of PSN-PZT ceramics modified with BiFeO$_3$ were investigated as a function of PNW substitution. With the increase of PNW substitution, tetragonality, Curie temperature and mechanical quality factor were decreased but grain size and electromechanical coupling factor(kp) was gradually increased. At 4 mol[%] PNW substitution, maximum kp of 0.567 was obtained.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2007

In this paper, a theoretical approach is studied to predict structural performances and weight reduction rates of a car-body with shell type sections in case that its materials have to be substituted. For the material substitution design of a car-body, bending, axial and twisting deformations are considered under constant stiffness and strength conditions, which utilize some new indices derived from a structural performance point of view. The developed indices to measure the weight reduction by the material substitution give good guidelines on conceptual design of car-bodies.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.124-128
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• 2000

The high Tc phase disappeared and low Tc phase increased in the substitution of transition elements for Bi ions. The high Tc phase decreased in the substitution of Si and Sn for Bi ions. The high Tc phase increased in the substitution of Sb, As and P which were the same group of Bi for Bi ions. The substitution of P ions was the most effective and then the high Tc phase was formed in large quantity by replacing Bi ions with 30% of P ions.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2013

In this paper, a theoretical weight-reduction method was suggested to substitute an underframe material of a box-type bodyshell having cut-outs with an alternative light-weight material. To utilize the material substitution method previously developed for a box-type hybrid bodyshell not having cut-outs, we derived a box-type baseline model without cut-outs which is similar to the stiffness condition of a box-type bodyshell having cut-outs. To do this, the thicknesses of roof and walls of the baseline model were determined such that the deflection of the baseline model under a distributed vertical load condition is equal to the sum of the theoretical section deflections of the original box model with cut-outs. Next, to derive a hybrid bodyshell by under-frame material substitution, the material substitution method for a box-type hybrid bodyshell without cut-outs was applied to the box-type baseline model. Finally, we compared the FE simulation results of the derived hybrid bodyshells having cut-outs for various materials with the theoretical results of the suggested method, and we obtained their good correlations.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.171-181
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 기존의 철도차량구조에 경량소재를 적용하여 설계를 검토할 때, 각 소재의 성질이 차체구조의 경량화에 미치는 영향과 그 정도를 정량적으로 분석하여 개념설계단계에서 소재대체 설계 효과를 예측하는 방법을 개발한다. 전체 차체구조에 대해서는 굽힘변형, 압축변형, 비틀림 변형을 고려하여 소재를 변경할 때, 또 주요 골조 구조 부재에 대해서는 굽힘변형, 압축변형, 좌굴붕괴를 고려하여 소재와 단면형상을 변경할 때 경량화 특성을 분석할 수 있는 방법을 체계화였다. 차체구조 또는 골조부재의 변형 양상에 대한 강성 및 강도 조건을 경량화 지수와 연계하여 표현함으로써 각 재료와 부재의 형상이 가지는 기계적 특성과 장단점을 용이하게 분석할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.15
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• pp.322-325
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• 2002

In this study, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of PSN-PZT Ceramic were investigated as a function of PNW substitution. With the increase of PNW substitution, teragonality, Curie temperature and mechanical quality factor were decreased but grain size and electromechanical coupling factor(kp) was gradully increased. At 4 mol [%] PNW substitution. maximum kp of 0.567 was shown.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.229-233
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• 2000

In this study, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency($TCF_r$), dielectric and piezoelectric properties of $Pb_{1-x}Sr_x[(Sb_{1/2}Nb_{1/2})_{0.035}(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_{0.065}(Zr_{0.49},Ti_{0.51})_{0.90}]O_3$ ceramics were investigated with the Sr substitution to Pb site. The dielectric constant was increased according to the increase of Sr substitution and electromechanical coupling factor($k_t$) also showed the highest values of 0.485 when the Sr substitution was 5 mol%. Moreover, the mechanical quality factor($Q_{mt}$) showed the highest value of 233 when the Sr substitution was 2 mol%.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.74-84
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• 2004

In this paper, a theoretical method was derived to redesign carbody members by substituting light-weight materials, and to estimate their structural characteristics. Some performance indices to estimate structural behaviors were derived in order to obtain equivalent designs in case of material substitutions under important design constraints of rolling stock, such as bending stiffness, natural frequency, bending and buckling strength. Validity of the theoretical method was evaluated by comparing its results with finite element results in some examples where the aluminium alloy was substituted for the structural steel. The numerical results of the examples show that the proposed method gives reasonable initial guesses for the material substitution designs.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집(III)
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• pp.446-454
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• 2003

This paper derived a theoretical method to estimate structural characteristics of carbody members when material substitution designs were performed, and verified the theoretical method with finite element analyses. For important factors in rolling stock design, such as bending stiffness, natural frequency, bending strength and buckling strength, some performance indices to estimate structural behaviors were developed in order to derive an equivalent design in spite of material substitutions. The developed method was used to reduce the weights of carbody components, as example problems, by substituting the aluminium alloy for the structural steel. The analysis results of the examples show that the proposed technique gives a reasonable initial guess in the case of a material substitution design.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2003

Recently, interest in utilization plan of recycling paper have been enhanced. Therefore, this research aimed to develop the manufacture process of cellulose acetate using old newsprint by acetosolv pulping process. And the manufactured cellulose acetate was also analyzed, especially based on chemical properties. The summarized results in this research were as follows; Reaction time, kind and amount of catalyst, and ratio of liquor to material were varied during acetosolv pulping process of old newsprint. Ratio of liquor to material did not give the significant difference in reaction product. Delignification rate was increased with increasing reaction time during acetosolv pulping, but yield and degree of substitution decreased with increasing reaction time. Sulfuric acid are better catalyst than hydrochloric acid in acetosolv pulping process for old newsprint, and optimal addition amount of catalyst was 1% based on reaction material. Delignification, yield, and degree of substitution were influenced by the catalyst and reaction time. Under pulping condition of $120^{\circ}C$ in 1/12 liquor to material ratio and 60min, degree of substitution was about 0.7. The acetylation reaction was not completely caused by these reaction condition. The examination of the FT-IR spectra revealed that absorption band(1200$\textrm{cm}^{-2}$, 1,750$\textrm{cm}^{-1}$) caused by carbonyl group were confirmed.