• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to determine the quality characteristics, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of fermented ginseng wine at each fermentation step. In the first mash with and without ginseng, viable cell counts (total cell, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast) were maximum between 2 to 4 days of fermentation. At the beginning of fermentation, Brix and ethanol contents, and titratable acidity increased, while pH decreased rapidly. At 3 days of fermentation of the second mash with ginseng, the viable cell counts were similar to those without ginseng and then continually decreased. At the end of fermentation, the pH of the second mash with ginseng was 4.00, lower than the pH of the second mash without ginseng, which was 4.35. Alcohol contents of second mashes with and without ginseng were 12.2 and 11.8%, respectively. In the aging period of ginseng and rice wines, the pH, titratable acidity, Brix, and ethanol contents did not change markedly. The results of sensory evaluation showed that fermented ginseng wine had good flavor and high acceptability. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay, fermented ginseng wine ($IC_{50}$: 0.394 mg/mL) showed higher antioxidant activity than fermented rice wine ($IC_{50}$: 0.884 mg/mL). The butanol fraction of fermented ginseng wine exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against P388 and HeLa cell lines.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 1970

In order to study ecology of microorganisms during Takju brewing, microflora changes were examined fromm the start to the sixth day of Takju fermentation in 24 hours intervals. Takju made from rice, flour and dried sweet potato in a liter volume open container at the laboratory and a sanple of Takju brewing factory were studied for their microflora and their changes during fermentationl together with a sample of Kokja. Results obtained were as follows ; 1. The followings were the identified microorganisms in Kokja. The molds ; Absidia spinosa, Aspergillus parasiticus. The yeasts ; Candida melinii, Candida Solani, Hansenula anomala. The bacteria ; Luctobacillus casei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus. 2. Torulopsis inconspicua, Lactobacillus casei, Leuconotoc mesenteroides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus were isolated from main mash of laboratory-made Takju samples. The yeast, Torupsis inconspicua which was not present in Kokja and, probably of a contaminant yeast, dominated the yeast flora of Takju mash of rice, flour and sweet potato of labotatory brewing. The laboratory brewing lost also always showed large population of lactic acid bacteria flora. 3. None of the wild yeasts which were present in Kokja appeared in Takju mashes. The Kokja appears to be of no use as the yeast source for Takju fermentation. Also the Kokja appears to be of not so effective amylolytic and proteolytic enzyme sources considering the microflora characteristics. Probably the major role of Kokja in Takju fermentation may be to contribute in taste formation. 4. Inoculation of Sacharomyces cerevisiae into the mash to the level of $10^7$ ml at the start of fermentation greatly changed the ecological aspects eliminating conditions of rather slow rising of natural contaminant yeast populaiton and fermentation which might give rise to prosperity of lactic acid and Bacillus bacteria that would be avoidable. 5. Examination of microflora of the large factory scale Takju fermentation showed the quite similar pattern of microflora and their changes to that of the cultured yeast-inoculated laboratory batch Takju fermentation. The cultured yeast dominated as the only predominant microflora, and the lactic acid bacteria flora were completely suppressed and aerobic bacteria, greatly. Probably this may be the regular microflora pattern of normal Takju fermentation. The role of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria in Takju fermentation may not be clear yet from this experiment alone.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2005

본 연구는 제빵 산업의 현장에서 제빵적성 향상을 위한 제빵법을 확립하기 위하여 백국균을 이용한 밀가루 코지, 유산균, 효모를 혼합 배양하여 seed mash를 만들어 그 특성을 분석하였다. 증류수 560mL와 코지 400g을 혼합하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 72시간 배양한 seed mash의 효소 활성을 측정한 결과는 ${\alpha}-amylase$는 0.26 SKB/g, saccarifying amylase 활성이 36SP/g,그리고 산성 protease 활성은 648 HUT/g을 나타냈다. 코지, 유산균, 효모를 배양하여 제조한 seed mash의 pH는 코지와 효모 만을 배양하여 제조된 seed mash보다 다소 낮았다. 배양기간에 따른 환원당의 변화는 코지만을 이용한 seed mash의 경우 36시간까지 배양기간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 그 이후 감소하였다. 그러나 유산균과 효모를 첨가한 seed mash에서의 환원당은 배양 6시간까지 증가하다 그 이후 급격히 감소하였다. Seed mash에서 생성된 총산의 양은 10.4-12.25mg/mL로 유산균을 첨가시 다소 높았다. 코지, 효모, L. brevis로 배양한 seed mash에서 ethyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl caprate, p-vinyl guaiacol 등의 향기 성분이 검출되었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.339-348
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• 1996

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Korean traditional alcoholic beverages, such as Kwahaju, Sokokju, Baikhaju, Samhaeju and Hosanchun were investigated during fermentation with the difference of input step and treatment of rice and Nuruk (Korean-style bran koji). pH values in all treatments were similar to be ranged $3.1{\sim}3.2$, but acidity of the treatment brewed without seed mash was $1.5{\sim}2$ times higher than that of the treatment brewed with seed mash. The concentration of alcohol in all treatments increased as the concentration of the Nuruk increased. The alcohol concentrations of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 6.5% to 7.7% were higher than those of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 7.9% to 10.6%. Residual reducing sugar contents of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 4.6 g/L to 9.7 g/L were lower than those of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 14.2 g/L to 15.5 g/L. The consumed total sugar contents of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 125.4 g/L to 159.2 g/L were higher than those of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 111.2 g/L to 123.8 g/L, and the treatments brewed with seed mash showed more sugar consumption than the treatments brewed without seed mash. Sensory quality in the treatments brewed with seed mash was better than those of without seed mash. Concentration of Nuruk and preparation of seed mash from it were critical factors compared to input step and treatment of rice in Korean traditional alcoholic beverage brewing.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.504-508
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• 2008

국내산 라이밀을 이용한 바이오에탄올 생산을 위해 저온 전처리 공정을 도입하여 에탄올 생산성을 비교하였다. 라이밀의 경우 원료 특성상 증자 공정에서 점도 문제가 발생하는데, 이를 해결하기 위해 최적 전처리 조건을 탐색하였으며 이에 따른 에탄올 생산성을 비교하였다. 저온 조건과 점도 저하 효소를 사용함으로서 점도에 따른 발효 저해 현상 해결하였고 전처리 공정에 소요되는 전처리 공정비를 절감할 수 있었다. 또한 pH 조절(pH 4.5) 후 살균 처리 없이 바로 발효가 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. 발효 초기 총당 함량은 $48{\pm}2.0\;g/L$이었으며, 발효 72시간 이후 에탄올 생성 농도는 $67.4{\pm}1.4\;g/L$, 톤당 에탄올 생산량은 410.9 L (dry base)로 효소 무첨가구보다 에탄올 농도와 톤당 수득량이 각각 15%, 20% 이상 증가하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 기존의 에탄올생산 공정과 비교하여 전처리 공정에 소요되는 시간을 30-50% 이상 줄일 수 있으며, 저온 공정에 따른 에너지 사용 절감 및 초기 시설 투자비를 줄일 수 있어 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 대체 원료로 충분한 가능성을 보여 주었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.226-232
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• 1999

To evaluate the characteristics of modified nuruk made by inoculation and cultivation of Rhizopus jap-onicus T2, Aspergillus oryzae L2 and hansenula sp. BC26 three different Takju mashes were made with modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji and the changes in microorganisms and major compon-ents of mashes were investigated uring brewing. The numbers of yeast kept higher in the mash of mod-ified Nuruk or rice koji. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria were high in mash of commercial Nuruk but those were not in mash of modified Nuruk or rice koji. all mashes showed stable pH in a day and the pH kept higher in mash of modified Nuruk than in that of commer-cial Nuruk or rice koji. Increase in the content of total acid was moderate in mash of modified Nuruk or rice koji but it was too much in that of commercial Nuruk. increase in the content of amino acid was much highr in mash of modified Nuruk or commercial Nuruk than in that of rice koji. Increase in the content of alcohol was more rapid in mash of modified nuruk or rice koji than in that of commercial Nur-uk. The content of reducing sugar kept highter in mash of commercial Nuruk or modified Nuruk than in that of rice koji. A small amount of modified Nuruk accomplished favorable fermentation showing nor-mal patterns in microbiological and physicochemical changes during brewing.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 1996

멥쌀로 담금한 주모 첨가 몇 무첨가의 탁주 술덧을 발효 과정별로 고체상 추출법으로 추출 농축한 후 극성 column을 사용하여 GC 및 GC-MS로 휘발성 향기성분을 분석, 동정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 멥쌀 탁주 술덧에서 alcohol 10종, ester 9종, acid 2종, aldehyde 7종 등 28종의 향기성분이 동정되었다. 동정된 향기성분은 담금 직후에 $3{\sim}7$종 이었으나 16일에 $26{\sim}28$종으로 증가되었고 주모 첨가 탁주 술덧에서 담금 직후와 발효 3일에 향기성분의 수가 많았다. 담금직후 주모 첨가 탁주 술덧에서 ethyl acetate, ${\beta}-phenylethyl$ acetate, acetic acid의 3종만 검출되었으나 주모 첨가 탁주 술덧에서는 이들 성분 외에 ethyl alcohol 등 4종의 alcohol류가 추가되어 주모에서 유래된 향미성분의 영향으로 본다. 탁주 술덧의 발효 전과정을 통하여 시험구에서 공통으로 검출된 향기성분은 ethyl acetate, ${\beta}-phenylethyl$ acetate, acetic acid였다. 향기성분의 상대적함량(면적비율, peak area %)은 발효 기간에 따라 차이가 있으나 ethyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, hexenyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, ${\beta}-phenylethyl$ acetate, ${\beta}-phenylethyl$ alcohol의 면적비율이 높아 주모 첨가 및 주모 무첨가 탁주 술덧중 휘발성 향기의 주성분들로 나타났다. 주모 첨가의 탁주 술덧에서 ethyl alcohol 향기성분중 상대적함량이 가장 높았으나 주모 무첨가 탁주의 술덧에서 담금 직후 alcohol류가 검출되지 않았고 발효 16일에 hexenyl alcohol의 상대적함량이 가장 높았다. 또한 주모 무첨가 탁주에서 발효 3일까지 ester류의 생성이 극히 적어 주모첨가 탁주와 다른 점을 보여주었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1984

This experiment carried out to obtain the thermophilic yeast, suitable for ethanol fermentation, and two usable strain were isolated. And microbial characteristics of these strains were investigated, and ethanol fermentation tested. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The selected yeasts were identified D-71 with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and J-515 with Saccharomyces fermentati. 2. The strains D-71 and J-515 were showed the highest ethanol fermentation activity in the crushed corn mash of high concentration at $35^{\circ}C$, and showed the slightly lower at $40^{\circ}C$ than in the case of $35^{\circ}C$. 3. The strains D-71 and J-515 were showed the very higher ethanol fermentation activity than that of compared strain at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, and at these temperature, fermentation period was a little bit of short. 4. On fermentation test using D-71 and J-515, the residual total sugar in the mash was very lower at $35^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 1998

재래식 간장의 맛을 개선하기 위하여 대두 자숙액, 당 및 젖산균과 효모를 접종하고 자연조건에서 발효시키면서 젖산발효와 알코올발효 효과를 조사하였다. 젖산균과 효모 접종구에서 젖산의 생성량이 2.91%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 간장 덧에 당만을 첨가한 구에서 2.38%, 대두 자숙액 만을 첨가한 대조구에서 2.05%로 나타나 모든구의 간장에서 젖산발효의 효과가 있었으나, 알코올은 모든 처리구에서 소량 검출되어 젖산균에 의해 생성된 초산 때문에 효모의 생육이 저해되어서 알코올발효 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 기호도에서도 젖산균과 효모 접종구와 당 첨가구가 우수하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

설탕 15%를 탄소원으로 동아함량을 15%, 20%, 25%로 다르게 하여 $5{\sim}10^{\circ}C$에서 100일간 효모로 발효시켰다. 제품의 총당함량은 동아함량 15%짜리는 7.3%, 20%짜리는 5.0%, 25%짜리는 4.0%를 나타냈고, 환원당 함량은 15%짜리는 4.5%, 20%짜리 는 3.4%, 25%짜리는 4.0%를 나타냈다. 단백질 함량은 동아함량 15%짜리는 10.1 mg/ml, 20%짜리는 13.9 mg/ml, 25%짜리는 10.9 mg/ml를 나타냈고 아미노산 함량은 15%짜리는 $0.27{\mu}mol/ml$, 20%짜리는 $0.51{\mu}mol/ml$, 25%짜리는 $0.31{\mu}mol/ml$을 나타냈다. pH는 15%짜리는 3.85, 20%짜리는 3.76, 25%짜리는 3.51을 나타냈고, 산도는 동아함량 15%짜리는 0.34%, 20%짜리는 0.84%, 25%짜리는 1.35%를 나타냈다. 균체수는 동아함량 15% 짜리 는 6.30 logCFU/ml, 20%짜리는 6.85 logCFu/ml, 25%짜리는 8.45 logCFU/ml를 나타냈다. 에 탄올 함량은 동아함량 15%짜리는 11.4%, 20%짜리는 12.4%, 25%짜리는 11.5%를 나타냈다. 숙신산 함량은 동아함량에 따라 1,128~1,385 mg/l 범위를 나타냈으며, 아세트산은 동아함량 20%짜리는 2,806 mg/l, 25%짜리는 4,952 mg/l 를 나타내 산패되었다. 기호도는 동아함량 15짜리는 3.26, 20%짜리는 3.00, 25%짜리는 2.46의 순을 나타냈다.