• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.11.1-11.6
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• 2019

Background: Botulinum toxin injection on the masticatory muscle induces the osteopenic condition on the ipsilateral condyle. Bisphosphonate suppresses bone resorption and is used to treat osteopenic or osteoporotic condition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bisphosphonate administration on prevention of condylar resorption and botulinum toxin A-induced disuse osteopenia in rats. Results: The volume of the condyle and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV, %) showed a strong tendency towards statistical significance (p = 0.052 and 0.058). Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th, mm) and trabecular number (Tb.N, 1/mm) were significantly smaller in the Botox group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The volume of the condyle and BV/TV in the bisphosphonate 100 and bisphosphonate 200 groups showed similar values when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Bisphosphonate administration after botulinum toxin A injection in the masticatory muscles appears to prevent condyle resorption and botulinum toxin-induced disuse osteopenia in rats.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.5 s.112
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• pp.351-360
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• 2005

This study aimed to investigate the effects of indomethacin on distribution and expression of COX-2 and IGF-1 in the mandibular condyle ofi growing dogs and to examine the number of chondroclasts around the mineralization zone indomethacin inhibits prostatlandin $E_2$ production in the tissue by inhibiting synthesis of cyclooxygenase 2. Prostaglandin $E_2$ stimulates insulin-like growth factor synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor stimulates growth of mandibular condylar cartilage. Eight mongrel dogs. aged 13-14 weeks, were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 and group 2 were administered indomethacin 2 mg/Kg/day orally two times a day for 7 days and 14 days respectively. Group 3 were administered indomethacin 8mg/Kg/day orally 2 times a day for 14 days, and 4he control group were administered a placebo. The mandibular condyle heads were sectioned in $5{\mu}m$ thickness The specimens were stained with H-E staining. COX-2 immunohistochemical staining and IGF-1 immunohistochemical staining and examined under microscope. After TRAP staining, the number of chondroclasts were calculated The observed results were as follows: Indomethacin inhibited expression and distribution of COX-2 and IGF-1 on the proliferative zone of condylar cartillage. Indomethacin decreased the number of chondroclastes on the mineralization zone by a time-dependent manner (P<0.05). Indomethacin inhibited expression and distribution of IGF-I by a dose and time-dependent manner. These results show that indomethacin inhibited expression and distribution of COX-2 and IGF-1 on the proliferative zone of condylar cartilage and decreased the number of chondroclasts and suggests that when indomethacin is administered for a long time, condyle growth could be delayed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the condylar position in relation to the glenoid fossa before and after orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment and to investigate the relationship with skeletal relapse. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms and temporomandibular joint tomograms from 19 patients with mandibular prognathism who received orthodontic-orthognathic surgery were included in this study. Samples were divided into two groups based on skeletal change during the retention period. The relapse group consisted of 7 patients (3 females and 4 males; mean age, 21.9 years) whose pogonion or menton displaced more than 1 mm during the retention period and the stable group consisted of 12 patients (5 females and 7 males; mean age, 21.7 years). Anterior joint space, posterior joint space, superior joint space, and anteroposterior index were measured on tomograms at pretreatment and posttreatment timepoints. Condyle position and frequency of the positional change were compared between both groups. Results: In the relapse group and stable group, 42.9% and 45.8% of the condyles, respectively, showed forward or backward displacement at posttreatment. However, the changes were small and the mean anterior, posterior, superior joint spaces and frequencies of the positional changes did not differ statistically between both groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that small positional changes of the condyle, which may occur after orthodontic-orthognathic surgery treatment, may not be related to skeletal relapse after removal of the orthodontic appliances.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to develop a system for the measurement and simulation of the TMJ movement and to analyze the mandibular movement quantitatively. Materials and Methods : We devised patient-specific splints and a registration body for the TMJ movement tracking. The mandibular movements of the 12 subjects with facial deformity and 3 controls were obtained by using an optical tracking system and the patient-specific splints. The mandibular part was manually segmented from the CT volume data of a patient. Three-dimensional surface models of the maxilla and the mandible were constructed using the segmented data. The continuous movement of the mandible with respect to the maxilla could be simulated by applying the recorded positions sequentially. Trajectories of the selected reference points were calculated during simulation and analyzed. Results : The selected points were the most superior point of bilateral condyle, lower incisor point, and pogonion. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between control group and pre-surgical group in the maximum displacement of left superior condyle, lower incisor, and pogonion in vertical direction. Differences in the maximum lengths of the right and the left condyle were 0.59${\pm}$0.30 mm in pre-surgical group and 2.69${\pm}$2.63 mm in control group, which showed a significant difference (P<0.005). The maximum of differences between lengths of the right and the left calculated during one cycle also showed a significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion : Significant differences in mandibular movements between the groups implies that facial deformity have an effect on the movement asymmetry of the mandible. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2008; 38 : 203-8)

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.36.1-36.7
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• 2015

Background: This study was performed to evaluate three-dimensional positional change of the condyle using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) following unilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (USSRO) in patients with mandibular prognathism. Methods: This study examined two patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry who underwent USSRO for a mandibular setback. 3D-CT was performed before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 6 months postoperatively. After creating 3D-CT images by using the In-vivo $5^{TM}$ program, the axial plane, coronal plane, and sagittal plane were configured. Three-dimensional positional changes from each plane to the condyle, axial condylar head axis angle (AHA), axial condylar head position (AHP), frontal condylar head axis angle (FHA), frontal condylar head position (FHP), sagittal condylar head axis angle (SHA), and sagittal condylar head position (SHP) of the two patients were measured before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: In the first patient, medial rotation of the operated condyle in AHA and anterior rotation in SHA were observed. There were no significant changes after surgery in AHP, FHP, and SHP after surgery. In the second patient, medial rotation of the operated condyle in AHA and lateral rotation of the operated condyle in FHA were observed. There were no significant changes in AHP, FHP, and SHP postoperatively. This indicates that in USSRO, postoperative movement of the condylar head is insignificant; however, medial rotation of the condylar head is possible. Although three-dimensional changes were observed, these were not clinically significant. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that although three-dimensional changes in condylar head position are observed in patients post SSRO, there are no significant changes that would clinically affect the patient.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 2001

Purpose: To investigate the ability of double TMJ view by multifunctional panorama to view the bony components and the space of the temporomandibular joint. Materials and Methods: Ten dry skulls fitted with resin shims over the articular surface of the condyle were used to reproduce the temporomandibular joint space. Fine metal wires were attached to the three portions of contours of the condylar head and the articular eminence. With 10 dry skulls and 20 cases having TMJ dysfunction, double TMJ views by multifunctional panorama (Planmeca 2002 Proline CC) and transcranial views were taken, analyzed from the anatomical view point, and compared statistically in view of the widths of the posterior joint space and the condylar head. Results: In double TMJ view, the supero-anterior part of the condyle represented the lateral 1/3, the most superior part represented center portion, and the posterior part medial l/3 of the condyle. In maximum mouth opening, no other structures were superimposed with the condyle in double TMJ view. In double TMJ view, petrous bone was moderately superimposed with the superior part of the condyle and the posterior increment of angle exposure made wider the images of the articular eminence and the condyle. The tendency of reduction in the posterior joint space appeared in the side of TMJ dysfunction compared with the normal side. The posterior joint spaces in double TMJ view were statistically wider (p<0.05) than those in transcranial view. The correlation coefficient was 0.5179 between the widths of the posterior joint spaces in two radiographic views. Conclusions: Double TMJ view can be substituted for transcranial view in evaluating the TMJ dysfunction.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.238-242
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• 2000

Recurrent mandibular dislocation is frequent morbidity of temporomandibular joint relatively. There are many etiologic causes in TMJ disorders but, difficult to find obvious one. Various treatment methods have been utilized for a mandibular dislocation. It is categorized into two groups broadly - nonsurgical or surgical methods. The basic rationale of the surgical method is to allow free movement of the condyle by reducing height of articular eminence or to limit anterior excessive movement of the condyle by increasing height of articular eminence or soft tissue anchoring procedure. In this case, 69 year-old woman was treated by augmentation of the articular eminence with mandibular symphysial bone graft leading to osteosynthesis without difficulty. As a result, favorable postoperative outcome was obtained functionally without any complication or recurrence.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.383-386
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• 2008

Osteomyelitis is considered an inflammatory condition of bone that usually begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and quickly extends to periosteum of the area. Early acute osteomyelitis of the mandible is usually characterized by deep, intense pain, high intermittent fever, paresthesia or anesthesia of the lower lip and a clearly identifiable cause. If the disease is not controlled or inadequately treated after onset, acute osteomyelitis progresses to a chronic form. The diagnosis of mandibular osteomyelitis rests on processing for identification of microbiologic isolates and on imaging studies to determine the extent of disease. Mandibular osteomyelitis often is associated with involvement of the masticator space and can exhibit symtoms similar to temporomandibular disorder including orofacial pain and limited mouth opening. Advanced imaging modalities can be helpful in obtaining a proper diagnosis.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.207-209
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• 2003

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic features of unilateral hyperplastic mandibular condyles for some useful preliminary diagnostic recommendations. Materials and Methods : Clinical records, radiographs and histologic diagnoses of 35 cases with asymmetric mandibular condyles due to apparent unilateral condylar hyperplasia were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Among 35 cases, 28 were true hyperplastic conditions of condyles whereas the remaining 7 were unilateral internal derangement occurring on the short side. 17 of the 28 hyperplastic condyles showed a mass or irregular radiographic shadow with histologic diagnosis including osteochondroma and osteoma. Only 5 of these cases showed facial asymmetry. 2 out of the 17 cases showed hyperplastic round shaped irregular condyles consistent with ankylosis and their histologic diagnoses were osteochondromas. 11 of the 28 cases showed smooth enlargement of condylar head with elongation of the neck causing facial asymmetry, but histologic diagnoses were not available because the surgical operation conserved the condyles. Conclusion: The hyperplastic conditions of the mandibular condyles include not only true hyperplasia, osteochondroma, osteoma, and ankylosis, but also unilateral internal derangement occurring on the short side.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1978

The author conducted an experiment of recording side shift of the lateral mandibular movement and analyzing the timing of the side shift on the twenty-two non-functioning side condyles. As a result, clinically useful informations were obtained. The findings were as follows: 1. On all the non-functioning side condyle path, during the first four millimeters of forward movement, the change in the rate of the mandibular side shift was observed. 2. Band E types of the mandibular side shift ,which have shown a distinct rate of immediate side shift were fifteen condyles, and C type of the mandibular side shift which has shown the greatest rate of the side shift occurs early in the first four millimeters of forward movement was seven condyles. 3. A and D types which have shown generally progressive and distributed nature were not observed.