• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 2005

To investigate the dietary behavior and food preference by the obesity index, 524 children (male 265, female 259) from 4 elementary schools in Gyeonggi area participated in this study. The overweight group included more boys (52.5%) than girls (47.5%). The overweight group had significantly higher values in height, weight, Obesity index (OI), Body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer index (RI) than the underweight or normal weight groups. The majority (43.4%) of children showed 11-20 minutes of eating time, and boys ate significantly rapidly than girls (p<0.00l). Snack was consumed 2-3 times a day, with the preference principally for ice-cream and cookies. The frequency of eating out was 1-2 times a month, representing 71.4% of subjects, and 73.3% of children preferred Korean style meals, followed by Western, Chinese and Japanese foods. Twigim (frying) was the preferred cooking method for vegetables, fish and meat. The food preference study showed that Ssalbap, Hyunmibap and Boribap were preferred in the rice group. For one-dish foods in the rice group, Jjajangbap, Kimchibokeumbap, Bokeumbap were preferred, with the tendency that boys preferred significantly more Curry rice (p<0.05) and Chickenbap (p<0.01) than girls. The preference for guk, jjigae, and tang group showed that Soegogimiyeokguk, Chamchikimchijjigae were preferred Boys preferred significantly more Samgyetang (p<0.05), Haemultang (p<0.05) and Yukgaejang (p<0.01) than girls, and girls preferred significantly more Kongbijijjigae (p<0.05) than boys. It is considered that organized and continuous nutritional education beginning in childhood, is necessary to for the development and formation of desirable dietary behaviors.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.54-57
• /
• 2012

Purpose: Somatic growth is an important indicator of health in children. Adequate organ growth is essential in growth and directly related to body growth. We consider renal length as a surrogate of organ growth in growing children. Measurement of weight, height, and many anthropometric indices, such as body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer and Kaup indices, are used to evaluate growth status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between renal length and somatic parameters and analyze the affecting factors for renal size during growth. Methods: The data for renal length in 66 children (age, $12.9{\pm}15.6$ months; male/female, 34/32) were obtained. Each kidney was measured with ultrasonography and dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. The data on age, sex, height, and weight were obtained from the medical records. BSA, BMI, and Rohrer and Kaup indices were calculated from measured height and weight. BSA was calculated by 2 methods, and is expressed as BSA I and BSA II. Results: There were significant correlations between renal size and age, weight, height, BSA I, BSA II, and Rohrer index. In the regression analysis, the most significant contributing factor to renal growth was height ($R^2$=0.636, $P$ <0.001). Conclusion: Height seems to be the most important factor associated with organ growth in growing children. Further studies to evaluate adequate organ growth should be carried out.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.109-118
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to characterize changes in the meal structure of Korean children in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. The data of 1,891 and 1,627 school-aged children and adolescents extracted respectively from the 1998 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed by gender, age group, and residential area. From 1998 to 2009, the total eating events increased from 4.3 to 4.6 (p = 0.001); the average number of meal intake decreased from 2.8 to 2.7 (p < 0.001) while that of snack intake increased from 1.5 to 1.9 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of "3 meals a day" pattern tended to decrease while that of "2 meals a day" pattern increased over the years. Especially, the "2 meals a day" pattern with "lunch + dinner" increased from 13% in 1998 to 20% in 2009. The percentage of eating breakfast or dinner at home decreased over the years. These results indicate that over the last decade, "destructuration" occurred in Korean children's meal structure in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. Especially, such alteration was more distinctive in male than female and in the high school-aged group than the elementary or middle school-aged groups. Overall, the difference of meal structure between genders and residential areas became smaller while the difference among age groups became larger over the years.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.120-125
• /
• 2013

Purpose: McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is caused by activating mutations in the GNAS gene, resulting in peripheral precocious puberty, caf$\acute{e}$-au-lait spots, and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (POFD). The aim of the present study was to describe the diverse clinical and endocrine characteristics of patients with MAS. Methods: Seven patients with MAS were included in this study and medical charts were reviewed retrospectively for following parameters: patient's sex and age at diagnosis, POFD, ovarian cysts, and precocious puberty. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was $5.8{\pm}4.2$ years. One patient was male (14%) and the other six patients were female (86%). Peripheral precocious puberty was associated with 6 patients (86%). Five patients manifested premature menarche as early as 2 to 5 years of age. Letrozole was administered to 4 patients, tamoxifen to one patient and GnRH agonist to one patient. Five females developed ovarian cysts. Thyroid function tests were performed in all patients and one patient showed hyperthyroidism (14%) and has been treated with methimazole. One patient presented with pseudohypoparathyroisdism, phosphaturia, calciuria suggesting hypophosphatemic rickets. Six patients (86%) revealed POFD. One patient had symptoms of optic nerve compression and secondary esotropia and 2 patients had bone pain. Conclusion: This study described clinical characteristics and endocrine complications of patients with MAS. Careful physical examinations with history taking and serial endocrine function tests should be needed to detect complications such as endocrinologic hyperfunction and POFD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제72권6호
• /
• pp.493-500
• /
• 2012

Background: This study investigated the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection in pediatric patients in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do. Methods: Cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in patients under the age of 18 years, confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, at Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from the last week of August 2009 through the last week of February 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Of the 3,777 confirmed cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009, 2,200 (58.2%) were male and 1,577 (41.8%) were female. The average age of the patients was $8.4{\pm}4.8$ years. The total cases peaked during 44th to 46th week. Most of the patients were in the 5- to 9-year-old age group. Oseltamivir was administered to 2,959 (78.3%) of the patients. 221 patients (5.9%) were hospitalized, age an average of $6.7{\pm}4.5$ years. The average duration of hospitalization was $7.4{\pm}5.6$ days. One hundred cases (45.2%) had pneumonia. Risk factors for hospitalization included male gender, <2 years of age, and underlying disease. Children with asthma were at very high risk of hospitalization, over 20 times the non-asthmatic children (odds ratio [OR], 21.684; confidence interval [CI], 13.295~39.791). Likewise the children with neurologic deficits faced a 16 times higher risk (OR, 15.738; CI, 7.961~31.111). Ten of the patients (4.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, and eight (3.6%) required mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: Of the pediatric patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, most of the patients were in the 5- to 9-year-old age group. Risk factors for hospitalization included male gender, <2 years of age, and underlying disease. The most common complication was pneumonia. The very high risk of severe morbidity in children with asthma or neurologic disease shows the critical importance of targeted vaccine coverage, special awareness and swift care by both guardians and primary care providers.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘텐츠학회 2017년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.105-106
• /
• 2017

Background: Atopic dermatitis one of the most common chronic skin diseases, is caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Methods: A total of 2609 healthy newborns who were enrolled in the COCOA study (COCOA) from 2008 to 2015 were surveyed for indoor environmental exposure to fungi during gestation and then diagnosed postnatally for atopic dermatitis. The fungi collected during the gestation of 20 normal subjects and 20 infants that developed atopic dermatitis were identified using Illumina's MiSeq platform and analyzed for their diversity and species. Results: A total of 2,609 respondents were surveyed (52.8% male and 47.2% female) Children, 1, 2, and 3 years old diagnosed with atopic dermatitis comprised 15.2%, 15.7%, and 14.1% of the respondents, respectively. The prevalence of exposure to mold during gestation was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.05-2.04) and 1.52 (95% CI, 0.95-2.43), in the first and third years after birth, respectively. One-year-old children with atopic dermatitis and no fungal markers detected in the bathroom environment during gestation accounted for less than 5% (aOR, 1.51; 95%CI, 0.96-2.38) and in the group less than 5 ~ 30% (aOR, 2.21; 95%CI, 1.00-4.89), 3-year-old children had an increased prevalence of atopic dermatitis of more than 30% (aOR, 9.48, 95%CI 1.42-63.13). Conclusions: Exposure to indoor fungi during gestation and infancy is associated with the development of atopic dermatitis in children. The phyla and genera of the fungi in the indoor house dust differed during gestation. This suggests that exposure to indoor fungi during gestation may be associated with the development of atopic dermatitis in children. Future research will be necessary to establish the underlying mechanisms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제60권9호
• /
• pp.282-289
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Recent advancements in molecular techniques have greatly contributed to the discovery of genetic causes of unexplained developmental delay. Here, we describe the results of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the clinical features of 27 patients with global developmental delay. Methods: We included 27 children who fulfilled the following criteria: Korean children under 6 years with global developmental delay; children who had at least one or more physical or neurological problem other than global developmental delay; and patients in whom both array CGH and G-banded karyotyping tests were performed. Results: Fifteen male and 12 female patients with a mean age of $29.3{\pm}17.6months$ were included. The most common physical and neurological abnormalities were facial dysmorphism (n=16), epilepsy (n=7), and hypotonia (n=7). Pathogenic copy number variation results were observed in 4 patients (14.8%): 18.73 Mb dup(2)(p24.2p25.3) and 1.62 Mb del(20p13) (patient 1); 22.31 Mb dup(2) (p22.3p25.1) and 4.01 Mb dup(2)(p21p22.1) (patient 2); 12.08 Mb del(4)(q22.1q24) (patient 3); and 1.19 Mb del(1)(q21.1) (patient 4). One patient (3.7%) displayed a variant of uncertain significance. Four patients (14.8%) displayed discordance between G-banded karyotyping and array CGH results. Among patients with normal array CGH results, 4 (16%) revealed brain anomalies such as schizencephaly and hydranencephaly. One patient was diagnosed with Rett syndrome and one with $M{\ddot{o}}bius$ syndrome. Conclusion: As chromosomal microarray can elucidate the cause of previously unexplained developmental delay, it should be considered as a first-tier cytogenetic diagnostic test for children with unexplained developmental delay.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2005

Falls from a height are the leading cause of injury and death among urban children. This study describes the incidence, clinical characteristics, and treatment results of children under 15 year of age who fell from a height of more than one meter and were admitted for abdominal injury. The medical records of 585 consecutive patients treated between January 1997 and December 2003 at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The falling heights were 1 to 31.2 meters, and 28 patients(4.8 %) suffered from blunt abdominal trauma. The male to female ratio was 2.1: 1. The median age of the victims was 5.5 years, and the median height fallen was 3 meters. Fifteen patients (53.6 %) were injured during the summer and seventy-nine percent of the falls occurred between noon and 9 pm. Eighteen (64.3 %) of falls occurred in residential place and 19(67.8 %) of patients arrived at the emergency department within 30 minutes of the accident. Only 16 patients (57.1 %) complained of abdominal pain. Liver injuries were found in 12(42.9 %), spleen injuries in 5(17.9 %), kidney injuries 3(10.7 %), pancreatic injuries in 1(3.6 %) and nonspecific abdominal injuries in 9(32.1 %) cases. Increased SGOT and SGPT were found in 23(82.2 %) and 18(64.3 %) cases. Eleven patients (39.3 %) had associated head injuries. Limb injuries were present in 17.9% and thoracic injuries in 7.1%. Twenty-five patients (89.3 %) recovered without operation. The median length of hospital stay was 6 days (2 -20 days). Despite the absence of abdominal symptoms or shock, falls from a height in children may carry significant intra-abdominal organ injuries. The height falling could not predict the degree of the abdominal injury. For the evaluation of potential abdominal injuries, CT scan should be utilized.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.461-472
• /
• 1994

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain in-tensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X²-test was employed. The findings were as follows : 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81.5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73(90.l％). 3. Correlation coefficients between each level card of the FIPS and WBS (Weight Box Scale) were r=.52∼.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12∼l.02, P<0.22∼0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were re-lated to age(X²=8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X²=0.23, P=0.80).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제59권3호
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Acute respiratory infection, particularly pneumonia, is the most common cause of hospitalization and death among children in developing nations. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of children and adolescents with pneumonia who visited Emergency Department (ED) in South Korea in 2012. Methods: We analyzed National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) records from 146 EDs in South Korea for all pediatric patients aged ${\leq}18years$ who were diagnosed with pneumonia between January and December 2012. Results: Among 38,415 subjects, the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.8. Patients aged <12 months comprised 18.0% of the study population; those aged 1 to 3 years, 54.4%; those aged 4 to 6 years, 16.8%; those aged 7 to 12 years, 7.4%; and those aged 13 to 18 years, 3.4%. Presentation rates were highest in April, followed by January, March, and May. The hospital admission rate was 43.5%, of which 2.6% were in intensive care units. The mortality rate was 0.02%. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnostic codes, the types of pneumonia according to cause were viral pneumonia (29.0%), bacterial pneumonia (5.3%), Mycoplasmal pneumonia (4.5%), aspiration pneumonia (1.3%), and pneumonia of unknown origin (59.3%). Conclusion: Despite the limited data due to the ED data from the NEDIS lacking laboratory results and treatment information, this study reflects well the outbreak patterns among children and adolescents with pneumonia. Our results provide a basis for future studies regarding ED treatment for children and adolescents with pneumonia.