• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2015

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia epidemics have occurred in 3- to 4-year cycles in Korea. We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of MP pneumonia in Daejeon, Korea, from 2003 to 2012. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 779 medical records of children (0-15 years of old) with MP pneumonia admitted to our institution and compared the data from 3 recent epidemics. Results: In 779 patients, the mean age and male-to-female ratio were $5.0{\pm}2.2$ years and 1:1, and most cases were observed in autumn. There were three epidemics during the study period, in 2003, 2006-2007, and 2011. In our comparison of the three epidemics, we found no differences in mean age, the male-to-female ratio, hospital stay, or the rate of seroconverters during hospitalization. All three epidemics began in early summer and peaked in September 2003 and 2011 and in October 2006 and then gradually decreased until the next year's spring season, although the 2006 epidemic extended further into 2007. The peak age groups in the children in 2003 and 2006 were 3-6 year-olds (57.5% and 56%, respectively), but in the 2011 epidemic, the peak group was 1-4 year-olds (46.5%). The proportion of the <2 years of age group was 20%, 15.7% and 28.8%, and >10 years of age group was 5.2%, 13.8%, and 14.8% of total patients, respectively. Conclusion: MP pneumonia outbreaks occurred every 3-4 years. The pattern of 3 recent epidemics was similar in demographic characteristics and seasonality with some variations in each outbreak.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2018

Objectives: The incidence and patterns of mandibular fractures vary by country and population age. This retrospective study evaluated the etiologies and patterns of mandibular fractures in children. Materials and Methods: The clinical records of 89 children (45 males and 44 females) aged 0 to 12 years who presented with mandibular fractures from July 2012 to June 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The sex, patient age, site of fracture, etiology of trauma, and monthly variations of the fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics, the z-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis and the P-value was set at <0.05. Results: Eighty-nine children (male-to-female ratio 1.02:1) sustained 131 mandibular fractures. Within the study sample, the 6 to 9 year age group most frequently experienced fractures (47.3%). Falls and road traffic accidents (RTA) were the two most common etiological factors that accounted for 44.9% and 24.7% of cases. The condylar fracture was the most common anatomical location (38.9%) followed by the angle (20.6%), parasymphysis (18.3%), body (15.3%), and symphysis (5.3%). A single fracture (51.7%) was more common than multiple fractures (48.3%). The month-wise distribution of mandibular fractures was fairly constant. Conclusion: The condylar region was the most common anatomic site for fractures; in addition, a fall and RTA were the major etiological factors for mandibular fractures. A single fracture was observed in 51.7% of patients while multiple fracture lines accounted for 48.3% of cases.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2019

Excessive weight gain in children diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) is becoming more common. We describe 2 siblings (9-year and 6 months-old female and 6-year and 9 months-old male) with obesity showing attenuated gastrointestinal and atypical symptoms in which CD was diagnosed in the absence of a known family history of CD. After children's diagnosis, CD in their parents was also investigated. It was detected in their father affected by overweight. The presentation of patients with CD has changed. While patients with overweight and obesity commonly have symptoms such as abdominal pain, reflux, headache, and constipation due to lifestyle factors, CD should also be considered in patients with or without a family history of CD. Careful nutritional status assessment and follow-up monitoring after the diagnosis of CD are mandatory, especially in subjects who are already overweight at the presentation of this disease.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the differences of perceived stress level and stress coping behavior for 360 elementary school children in rural area and 360 in urban area. The questionnaire survey was done from December 10 to December 20, 2001. The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference of perceived stress level between rural and urban areas, but there were significant difference of stress coping behavior between them. 2. Significant difference of perceived stress level and stress coping behavior among groups of grade was found. 3. There was significant difference of perceived stress level and stress coping behavior between male and female. 4. There was significant difference of stress coping behavior according to perceived stress levels In conclusion, perceived stress level and stress coping behavior in elementary school children were different according to their grade and sex. It is important to teach them proper stress coping method, depending on their grade and sex. But, we have to focus on the development and application of stress self-control program, which enables children to cope with stress for themselves. Based on: 1. Before starting the study, the subjects should be examined about whether they have ever been on stress education program before or not. 2. The educational environments and the development and implementation of teaching program for the proper stress coping method are needed. 3. This study was performed through the questionnaire for perceived stress level and stress coping behavior, but various methods like observation, person-to-person interview should be used for the further in-depth study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.507-511
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of electrophysiologic studies (EPS) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) performed in subjects aged less than 30 years with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, particularly pediatric patients under 18 years of age, based on our experience. Methods: Two hundred and one consecutive patients with WPW syndrome were recruited and divided to 3 groups according to age: group 1, 6 to 17 years; group 2, 18 to 29 years; and group 3, 30 to 60 years. The clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic data for these patients were evaluated by a retrospective medical record review. Results: A total of 73 (36%) of these patients were <30 years of age. Although there were more males than females in group 2 (male:female, 31:11), there was no sex difference in group 1 (male:female, 16:15). Left accessory pathway was detected less frequently in group 1 (32%, 10/31) than in group 2 (57%, 24/42) and group 3 (63%, 81/128) (P=0.023 and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusion: The present study describes several different electrophysiological characteristics in children and adolescents with WPW syndrome. Therefore, when EPS and RFA are performed in children and adolescence with WPW syndrome, we recommend that these characteristics be considered.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.197-208
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• 2014

This study examined the relationship between social support and depressive symptom among the middle and old-aged people, using dataset of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA 3rd). The subjects were 7,874 persons aged 45 and over. Using this data, social support variables and its relation to depressions was observed based on social network model. A multiple regression model was used to study an association between social support and depressive symptom, controlling for socio-economic characteristics, health status and behavior. Also, this paper run two subgroup regression models based on gender of subjects (male, female), controlling for confounding variables. Authors found that there was lower the number of meetings with friends (1~3 times in a week: b=0.597, p<0.0001; 1~2 times in a month: b=0.609, p<0.0001; 1~6 times in a year or under: b=1.598, p<0.0001) and negative relationship between spouse satisfaction (b=-0.007, p=0.0237), children satisfaction (b=-0.019, p<0.0001) and depressive symptom. Also quantitative effect differences were compared according to gender and its effect on depression. Compared to the male group, female group showed significant difference in quantitative effect with number of meetings with friends and spouse satisfaction, but children satisfaction didn't show clear differences according to gender. This study suggested the importance of social support for promoting mental health among the middle and old-aged people.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

목 적 : 최근 소아신장질환에 대한 관심도가 높아지고 있어 소아신장질환 중 많은 비중을 차지하고 있는 신증후군에 대해 우리나라에서의 성별, 나이, 계절에 따른 발생빈도, 신장생검상 분류에 따른 형태학적 발생빈도, 치료방법의 종류, 치료에 대한 반응의 정도와 반응시기, 재발의 빈도 등에 대해 통계적으로 조사, 정리하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 전국 38개의 대학병원 및 종합병원을 대상으로 대한소아신장학회에서 작성한 설문조사지를 발송하여 각각의 병원에서 신증후군 진단기준에 따라 진단, 치료, 추적관찰하는 신증후군 환아 2193명들의 의무기록을 토대로 기록한 설문조사지를 수집, 정리, 통계내었다. 결 과 : 남아가 1655명($75.5\%$), 여아가 538명($24.5\%$)이며 남여의 비가 3:1로 남아가 많았다. 이 중 미세변화 신증후군(minimal change nephrotic syndrome, MCNS)의 경우 남자가 1338명, 여자가 414명으로 남녀비는 3.23:1 이었다. 연령별 발생빈도는 1-5세 사이가 1060명($48.3\%$)으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 6-10세 사이가 679명($31.0\%$) 이었다. 계절별 발생빈도는 보통 140명에서 180명정도로 발생하여 계절별 발생빈도에 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 신장생검을 실시한 942명($43\%$) 중에서 MCNS가 646명($68.6\%$)으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로는 국소성분절성사구체 경화증(focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS)이 149명($15.8\%$)이었다. 치료방법으로는 prednisolone이 1191명으로 가장 많이 사용되었고, 부작용이 적은 Calcort는 192명으로 아직 prednisolone을 대치하지 못하였다. 그 외 치료로는 cyclophosphamide가 251명, cyclosporin A가 223명, methylprednisolone(MPD) pulse therapy가 120명이었다. 치료에 대한 효과로는 1944명 중에 완전완해(complete response)가 1597명($82.2\%$)으로 반응이 좋았으며, 그 중 prednisolone으로 치료한 경우도 $85.1\%$의 좋은 결과를 보였다. 신장생검상 형태학적 분류에 따르면 MCNS의 경우 완전완해가 $86.5\%$이나, FSGS의 경우는 $35.8\%$로 질환의 형태에 따라 커다란 차이를 보이고 있다. 치료반응 시기는 1주에서 4주사이가 879명($67.4\%$)으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 1주이내가 313명($24.0\%$)이었다. (n=1305) 질병의 재발은 994명($73.1\%$)이었고, 재발이 발생한 경우는 치료후 2개월에서 6개월사이에 361명으로 가장 많았다. 결 론 : 소아 신증후군은 남아에서 더 많이 발생(남녀비 3.08:1)하였고 1-5세 사이가 가장 많았다. 신장생검상 형태학적 분류에 따른 치료반응은 많은 차이를 보였으며, 재발하는 경우가 많아 계속적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 사료되는 바이다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative effect of individual-, parents-, and game-related variables on game addiction. Totally, 1065 10 to 18-year-olds participated and completed questionnaires. Male students had more tendency to game addition than female students. No difference in the level of addiction, however, was appeared among elementary, junior-high, and high school groups, which means that many young children are already Same-addicted. More severely addicted children and adolescents showed higher level of impulsivity, more difficulties in communication with their parents, and more expectation of psychological gratification and interpersonal relationship through the internet games. The relative effects of these independent variables to game addiction were different among gender*school groups. Firstly, impulsivity was significant only in boys of elementary group. Secondly, for the junior-high group, communication with father and mother was important to boys and girls, repectively. Lastly, expected gratification from gaming itself mainly predicted high school students' game addiction, irrespective of gender. The findings of this study suggest that earlier intervention to young garners should be carried out. It is also indicated that parents' and teachers' role for guidance of the internet games would be different with children's gender and developmental stages.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1978

To corroborate that the width of attached gingiva should be changed according to ages, and what relationships between the changes and the results of Glickman's clinical tension test would be, The author measured the width of attached gingiva of 85 Korean children in male, 94 Korean children in female from 8 to 11 ages and performed clinical tension test. The results were as followings; 1) At midline region of each evaluated teeth, Width of attached gingiva was the narrowest at midline region of deciduous canine, and nearly same at midline region of central incisor and lateral incisor. 2) At interproximal region of each evaluated teeth, Width of attached gingiva between left and right central incisors was the narrowest, that of between deciduous canine and lateral incisor, and between lateral incisor and cental incisor were the widest at maxilla and All were nearly same at mandible. 3) In general, width of attached gingiva of interproximal region was wider than that of midline region. 4) In this study, width of attached gingiva tended to be increasing according to ages both at maxilla and at mandible. 5) Compared maxilla with mandible, Width of attached gingiva of maxilla was wider than that of mandible. 6) The results of tension test were it that Over-all incidence was the highest in 8 year old children who had the narrowest width of attached gingiva at frenum attached region and tended to be decreasing according to ages from 8 to 11 years.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1983

The author surveyed 2,082 schoolchildren (Male: 1,078, Female: 1,004) from 7 to 12 years old in "N" primary school in kwang Ju City, and studied on 304 schoolchildren (Male: 176, Female: 128) having maxillary median diastema. The results were as follows: 1. The prevalence of maxillary median diastema was 14.6%, and it showed the greater rate at the boys than at the girls and the highest rate at 8 years old in the both sexes. 2. The maxillary median diastema showed decreasing tendency with ageing. 3. The frenum distance in children without local factors showed no change and the divergent degree of maxillary median diastema showed decreasing tendency after the eruption of maxillary lateral incisors. 4. The rate of maxillary median diastema associated with local factors was 37.8% and it showed increasing tendency with ageing. 5. The prevalence of median diastema according to etiology was as follows; rotated tooth; 12.2%, supernumerary teeth; 10.9%, abnormal frenum; 9.5%, peg lateralis; 7.2%, open bite; 2.6%, abnormal pattern of interseptal alveolar bone; 2.6%, missing lateral incisor; 0.7%, tooth size discrepancy; 0.3%.