• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-22
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• 1989

We investigated 974 male and female students who are in 4th, 5th and 6th year of 8 elementary schools are located win Puan-kun, the farm area of Chollabuk-do, and the results are as follows. 1. Visiting dental clinic in order to be treated for dental caries hold the highest rate as 26.1% of male students and 30.3% of female students. 2. On fear when children visit dental clinic, first, 25.6% of male students and 35.1% of female students mark the highest rate as some what fear. Second, 23.1% of male students represent to be usual and 29.4% of female students represent to be very fear. There fore it speaks for dissimilarity in character between male and female students. 3. On reason of developing dental caries, 62.5% of male students and 55.8% of female students replied that it was developed because they frequently ate the sweet things. 4. Children who pull out decidous teeth alone mark the highest rate as 44.7% of male students and 38.6% of female students. 5. On important thing for ordinary dental health, 56.2% of male students and 58.5% of female students as the highest rate replied that they often brushed their teeth.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2006

This study is to compare the prevalence of obesity between Korean-American children and Korean children, and to investigate the role of environmental factors in obesity development. Prevalence of child obesity is compared by their residence, parents' anthropometric data, education and occupation, and the length of immigration, and birth place of the children. A total of 593 children between the ages of 9 and 12 were examined. 262 Korean-American children (KcUS group) from New Jersey, USA and 331 Korean children (KcK group) from Seoul, Korea were compared. KcUS group showed a higher obesity rate (male: 12.6% and female: 8.2%), compared to KcK group (male: 8.0% and female: 5.1 %). KcK male children showed lower weight and prevalence of obesity than Korean-American male children who lived in the United States for more than three years. Korean-American female children had higher weight and obesity rate than Korean female children. Waist circumference and hip circumference were also higher in obese children in both KcK and KcUS groups. The children who live in America had an odds ratio of 1.69 to be obese compared to KcK, while those born in America and those who have lived in America for more than 3 years had odds ratios of 1.53 and 1.25 to be obese, respectively. This study found that environmental factors, immigration to America for instance, could playa bigger role in child obese development than the genetic factor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.49
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• pp.155-172
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of children's personality traits and parental child-rearing attitudes on clothing attitudes and color evaluation of preschool children. The subjects for this study consisted of 360 five-year-old children who were attending a preschool and their parents in Cheju Island Korea. Employed mothers had significantly higher score on love acceptance attitude than unemployed mothers did. Female children had more conservative attitude on clothing sex-role than male children did There were no significant gender differences in parental child-rearing attitudes. There were significant relationships between gender and preferred clothing colors. Male children were more likely to prefer blue red, green, and prussian blue for the colors of clothing than were female children while female children liked pink yellow and orange more than male children. Boys selected blue and girls selected pink as the most preferred clothing color. Overall preschool children chose red as the most preferred color black as the most disliked color. The children's sex identification by clothing color was highly consistent with the conservative attitude of adults for all colors. That is preschool children identified pink red and yellow with female color while prussian blue blue and green with male color. Clothing interest of boys was influenced by the mother's state of employment and academic trait. The boys high in academic trait and whose mothers did not have job were high in clothing interest. Clothing management of boys was influenced by emotionality and love acceptance rearing Ttitude. Clothing independednce of boys was influenced by authority control rearing attitude Clothing sex-role of boys was influenced by familism trait. The boys high in familism trait had open-hearted attitude in clothing sex-role. Clothing interest of girls was influenced by academic trait clothing management by sociality clothing independence by emotionality and clothing satisfaction by familism trait. Therefore the more positive personality children had the higher clothing interest and the more desirable clothing attitudes they had.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-182
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress and effects of stress on dietary habits, food preferences and food frequencies of young children in Kyungbuk province. The study subjects were 271 children, aged $3\sim5$, and attending child care centers within the Kyungbuk area. The general characteristics, dietary habits, stress, food preferences, and food frequencies of the young children were assessed, as were the general characteristics of their parents. The results were analyzed using $\chi^2-or$ t-tests employing the SPSS program package. The subjects were classified into two groups according their level of stress. One hundred and nine of the subjects had high stress(HS) and 162 had low stress(LS). The male HS group ate breakfast more regularly, skipped meals more frequently and ate protein-containing foods everyday compared to the male LS group. The female HS caught colds more easily and were more constipated than the female LS group. The preferences for chicken and hamburgers were higher in the male HS group than LS group; whereas, those for noodles and soybean milk were lower in the male HS than LS group. The preferences for soybean milk was higher in the female HS than LS group. The frequencies for stir-fried foods and spinach were higher in the male HS than LS group; whereas, those for curried rice, noodles, apples and soybean milk were higher in the male LS than HS group. The frequency for kimbab was higher in the female HS than LS group; whereas, those for steamed foods, shells and mushrooms were lower in the female HS than LS group. Therefore, our results suggest that young children, as well as their parents, need better dietary habits and strategies for actively coping with stress to maintain health.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Differential instrumentation for the diagnoses of individuals with Cleft palate has been used to objectively measure speech problems. The Cepstrum Method was used to study the vocal tract transfer function. The vocal tract transfer function and the source spectrum should be considered in the evaluation of nasal resonance. The aim of this study was to collect quantitative data on the acoustic Instrumentation used for evaluating hypernasality. Normal subjects (9 male, 21 female; 37 male children, 20 female children) and individuals with VPI (13 male, 8 female; 16 male children, 9 female) participated in this study. The vowel /i/ was selected to gauge the severances of hypernasality Spectral and Cepstral studies using CSL was used to identify the acoustic characteristics. Cepstrum analysis shows significant differences in quefrency and amplitude. The quefrency of normal groups was shorter than that of the VPI groups, while the amplitude of normal groups was lower than that of the VPI groups. This may have significance in the evaluation 'of nasal resonance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of 5th grade school children with iron depletion or iron depleted anemia with simultaneously assessing their general nutritional status. The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 261 school children from 5th grade residing in low income area of Pucheon. The mean height and weight of male were 138.7cm and 33.6kg respectively and were significantly lower than those of female. Mean fat percent, triceps skinfolds thickness and arm circumference were 21.4$\%$, 13.7mm and 22.2cm for female and were significantly higher than 19.1$\%$, 11.4mm, 21.4cm of male respectively. The intake on vitamin A and calcium were 46.4$\%$ and 47.7$\%$ of RDA for male and 36.6$\%$ and 44.9$\%$ for male respectively. The energy intake, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid of male were significantly higher than those of female respectively. The mean daily intake of iron were 7.5mg for male and 7.3mg for female and were not significantly different. The mean biochemical indices of iron nutritional status were not significantly different between male and female expect free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) and FEP : hemoglobin ratio. The proportion of male assessed by serum iron(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗), Hb($\%$), FEP(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗RBC) were 25.4$\%$, 8.4$\%$. 0.8$\%$, 1.8$\%$ respectively and 23.2$\%$, 8.4$\%$, 3.4$\%$, 1.0$\%$ for female respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2000

This study researches an obesity index and the realities of physical activity of elementary school children and provide basic data to instruct correct physical activity for low weight and obese children. The subject was 813 Elementary School Children of grade 4-6 in Kyungju and data were collected with a Physical Activity Questionnaire from YHS, USA. The collected data were analyzed with real number, percentage, average and standard deviation techniques. The range was by SPSS WIN. Both of them were in the normal range, between -38.3 and 77.7, between low weight and obesity. The results are as follows : 1. An Obesity index according to grade and sex: the average obesity index of 423 boys was $7.56{\pm}15.7$, for girls it was $2.56{\pm}14.3$. Both of them were in the normal range, between -38.3 and 77.7. There were low weight($-38.85{\pm}0.9$) students as well as obese, including extremely low weight children ($-38.85{\pm}0.9$) and extremely obese children. 2. On the whole, in the Frequency of the 25 item physical activities breakdown, children reported to watch TV 1. ($2.7{\pm}0.6$), or do homework($2.1{\pm}0.9$), more than three-fourths of the week, male children, however, played more football($2.0{\pm}0.9$). As male obese children do less MET5, MET8(highly active activity) than male normal children, it was also discovered that low weight children do more severe activity in MET8(high activity). In female cases, it was revealed that neither do highly intense activity. 3. In physical activity, male children received higher points than female children with $92.94{\pm}37.95$ to $74.46{\pm}29.50$. On the whole, male and female obese children had lower score than normal children. 4. As for attitude toward physical activity, male children($31.96{\pm}4.37$) had a positive attitude than female children ($29.57{\pm}3.89$), but obese male children had a negative attitude regarding activity viewed as normal. Therefore, in preventing obesity in elementary school children the treating of under-weight children should be included in the obesity program so as to prevent mal-nutrition or deficiency. It is needed to instruct obese children to carry out intensive work-outs at least 3 times a week through systematic programs. It is also needed that parents and teachers educate elementary school children from an early age with information on the frequency and intensity of work-outs to prevent obesity. It is also desirable that children be educated to carry out physical activities that address their specific needs. As a result of this study, obesity management must be started from elementary school and children should be instructed to act in high-intensity actirities when they spend leisure time.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2010

This study investigates the differences in mean F0, intensity, jitter, and shimmer across hearing aid, gender, and vowels. For this study, 18 hearing-impaired children, 18 cochlear implanted children, and 18 normal hearing children as a control group were asked to read seven Korean vowels (/$\alpha$, $\wedge$, o, u, w, i, $\varepsilon$/). Subjects' readings were recorded by NasalView and analyzed by Praat. Results showed that the means of F0 were significantly higher in the hearing impaired group than in the normal hearing group; in the female group than in the male group; and in high vowels than in low vowels. Second, intensity was significantly higher in the hearing impaired group than in the normal hearing group; in the female group than in the male group; and in low vowels than in high vowels. Third, jitter was significantly higher in the normal hearing group than in the hearing impaired group; in the female group than in the male group; and in back vowels than in front vowels. Finally, shimmer was significantly higher in the CI group than in the normal hearing group or the hearing aided group; in the male group than in the female group; and in low vowels than in high vowels.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a nutritional education and physical exercise program on obese children (47 boys and 36 girls). The nutritional education and physical exercise program was provided for 6 weeks and dietary habits, nutrient intake and hematological profiles were measured before and after the program. The BMI (body mass index, $kg/m^2$) in male children was significantly reduced to $24.58{\pm}2.81$ from $25.89{\pm}3.27$ (p<0.01) and it was significantly reduced to $24.29{\pm}3.51$ from $25.21{\pm}3.59$ in female children after the completion of nutritional education and exercise program. Body fat in male children was remarkably reduced to $32.69{\pm}7.74%$ after education from $37.38{\pm}9.21%$ (p<0.001). After the program total cholesterol concentration in male children was reduced to $176.48{\pm}29.10\;mg/dL$ from $196.03{\pm}29.10\;mg/dL$, whereas there was no significant difference in females before and after the nutritional education and exercise program. The grasping power of male children (p<0.05) and backmuscle strength of male (p<0.05) and female children (p<0.001) were significantly increased after the exercise program. The nutrient intakes that were different before and after the nutrition education were calories (p<0.05) and carbohydrate (p<0.05) in male children, and a significant increase in intake of vitamin A (p<0.05) was found in female children. There was a significant difference in meal time regularity before and after program. The findings of this study showed that there was a significant decrease in both body fat and weight, in addition to normalization of hematological profiles after the completion of nutrition education and physical exercise programs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 2007

Intestinal parasitic infections remain a serious public health problem globally and have usually been associated with human malnutrition. This study was performed to observe the present status of intestinal helminthes infections among the primary school children in Iksan, Korea, during the period from June to August, 2006. A total of 974 fecal samples (male 479, female 495) were collected and examined by formalin-ether sedimentation technique for intestinal helminthes eggs. Of the 974 samples examined, 2 (0.2%) were egg positive for intestinal helminthes, and only eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were observed in the 2 cases. These C. sinensis egg were found in grade 5 (male, 1 case) and grade 6 (female, 1 case), respectively. The egg positive rate of male and female were 0.2%, respectively. Through this survey, I found that the C. sinensis infection is prevalent among primary school children in Iksan, Jeonbuk, and a continuous health education for school children is recommended to prevent the potential infection of C. sinensis.