• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.353-368
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• 2015

Walter Van Beirendonck expresses a fairy tale world of perverted sexual desire of sadism and masochism, violence, and aggressiveness that breaks from a transient one-time concept as is an essential element of fashion. This study classifies the aesthetic characteristic shown on the design of Walter Van Beirendonck and analyzes the intent of his symbolism and meaning. The attempt has a meaning in exploring a new directionality of fashion by conveying a critical message to this end, contemporary fashion breaks down boundaries with artistic genre and connects a problematic consciousness that exists in life with fashion. The results of study on the aesthetic characteristics of Walter Van Beirendonck are as follows. First, Beirendonck emphasized an interpersonal image about body by giving a question through the deconstruction of image on a perfect body into race, age, and body based on body modification. Second, fetishism appeared as a consciousness that human identity and character can be changed by connecting a fetish element of sexual identity, and sadism and masochism with fashion's imagination. Third, infantilism as an amusement expression of the form metaphorically satirized life of modern people. Fourth, makeup shown on performance or festival of an African tribe was used in the way of mixture or reuse for ethnography to obtain inspiration from ethnography. Fifth, pop art combined a popular culture code as amusement through mass production and mass media. Aesthetics of Beirendonck do not have norm and are bold in using form, color, pattern, print, and styling because Beirendonck reinterpreted critical attitudes about essential problems that human life entails into a motif of his symbolic meaning in amusement. In regards to his design aesthetics, Beirendonck expanded fashion to the scope of Gesamtkunstwerk in a consistent and continued theme combined with philosophical creativity and differentiated from other fashion designers.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.139-146
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• 2008

Masked fake face detection using ordinary visible images is a formidable task when the mask is accurately made with special makeup. Considering recent advances in special makeup technology, a reliable solution to detect masked fake faces is essential to the development of a complete face recognition system. This research proposes a method for masked fake face detection that exploits reflectance disparity due to object material and its surface color. First, we have shown that measuring of albedo can be simplified to radiance measurement when a practical face recognition system is deployed under the user-cooperative environment. This enables us to obtain albedo just by grey values in the image captured. Second, we have found that 850nm infrared light is effective to discriminate between facial skin and mask material using reflectance disparity. On the other hand, 650nm visible light is known to be suitable for distinguishing different facial skin colors between ethnic groups. We use a 2D vector consisting of radiance measurements under 850nm and 659nm illumination as a feature vector. Facial skin and mask material show linearly separable distributions in the feature space. By employing FIB, we have achieved 97.8% accuracy in fake face detection. Our method is applicable to faces of different skin colors, and can be easily implemented into commercial face recognition systems.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1580-1588
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• 2023

The desire for clear and clean skin is universal among both men and women. Women, in particular, seek the help of foundation to achieve beautiful and transparent skin. The choice of foundation is not determined by the race of an individual; instead, it varies based on personal skin color and undertone. Therefore, there is a need to surpass the stereotype of using foundation colors based on racial discrimination. The purpose of this study is to randomly select cosmetics brands from Korea, China, Japan, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, considering the impact of each photo, environment, and equipment. The objective is to understand the differences in skin tones in foundation advertisement model images on websites. Analyzing the RGB values of foundation colors for each brand revealed that in Korea, the colors were 8.75R, 1.25YR, 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, and 6.25YR. Chinese brands showed similar colors with 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, 6.25YR, and 10YR. Japanese brands displayed colors such as 7.5R, 8.75R, 10R, 5YR, 6.25YR, and 7.5YR. American brands presented colors like 6.25R, 8.75R, 10R, 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, 6.25YR, 7.5YR, and 10YR. French brands featured 10R, 1.25YR, 3.75YR, 5YR. Lastly, British brands displayed 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 7.5YR. As a follow-up study, in-depth research on the reshaping and color changes of foundation over time is recommended. It is hoped that this research will serve as fundamental data for makeup companies' marketing and contribute to the development of both domestic and international color cosmetics markets.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1809-1818
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• 2010

In order to detect the skin color area from input images, many prior researches have divided an image into the pixels having a skin color and the other pixels. In a still image or videos, it is very difficult to exactly extract the skin pixels because lighting condition and makeup generate a various variations of skin color. In this thesis, we propose a method that improves its performance using hierarchical merging of 3D skin color model and context informations for the images having various difficulties. We first make 3D color histogram distributions using skin color pixels from many YCbCr color images and then divide the color space into 3 layers including skin color region(Skin), non-skin color region(Non-skin), skin color candidate region (Skinness). When we segment the skin color region from an image, skin color pixel and non-skin color pixels are determined to skin region and non-skin region respectively. If a pixel is belong to Skinness color region, the pixels are divided into skin region or non-skin region according to the context information of its neighbors. Our proposed method can help to efficiently segment the skin color regions from images having many distorted skin colors and similar skin colors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2003

This paper describes pop stars' fashion style by the changes of pop music from the 1950's of the formative Period of a rock-n-roll to the 1990's. The author could examine the features of pop music as follows : the 1950's rock-n-roll, the 1960's rock and Psychedelic rock. the 1970's punk rock, the 1980's new wave and the 1990's reggae·hip-hop. Based on the examination, the author could do sampling of the fashion style, on which current pop music had influence, by rock style, new wave style, and reggae hip-hop style. The rock style makes appearance again as a new style when it is recently accepted to be a fashion. The 1960's hippie, which contains long-cherished desire of antiwar and peace after September 11, 2001 Attack on America and the Afghan War. reappeared as luxurious hippie, and the hybrid punk has been made because barriers between cultures have been collapsed to mix items and combine contradicting components at fashion field. The new wave style destroys sex difference of clothes. and men's clothes style has introduced women's dress style, so that androgynous style, which has handsome boy image with womanlike hair style and makeup, and the lingerie style without distinction of underwear and outer garment has made appearance through new cloth wearing ways and overexposure. The reggae and hip-hop style makes appearance to overcome social strata, groups, ages, regions and gender, etc and become one of the 21s1 century culture codes. In conclusion, pop music have played very important roles until expansion and popularity of new fashion style, and has been quickly expanded by mass media development. When the pop music fashion styles are introduced to high fashion, fashion styles have become more polished and high-qualify to expand them at main fashion world again.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2015

In this paper, we introduce a method to synthesize realistic make-up effects on input images efficiently. In particular, we focus on shading on the make-up effects due to the lighting and face curvature. By doing this, we can synthesize a wider range of effects realistically than the previous methods. To do this, the information about lighting information together with the normal vectors on all pixels over the face region in the input image. Since the previous methods that compute lighting information and normal vectors require relatively heavy computation cost, we introduce an approach to approximate lighting information using cascade pose regression process and normal vectors by transforming, rendering, and warping a standard 3D face model. The proposed method consumes much less computation time than the previous methods. In our experiment, we show the proposed approximation technique can produce naturally looking virtual make-up effects.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.20
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• pp.121-139
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• 2010

As a society gets digitalized, world of simulation will expand. The world of simulation is a forced, human-making world where we are going on our lives. It is power that dominates human beings. It is a main discourse producing forces. We are using violence to ourselves to escape this forcing phenomenon. Cindy Sherman is being paid attention as an artist who expresses physical human being in the world of simulation - human who desires something, is sacrificed by violence and is using violence to himself. She is casting a question about the violence of power in the world - who are you right now in the border between the real world and the fake one? - Her method is by various symbols: masks and makeup in her works, human desires and violent realities in symbolic packages. Only when we see the world as flesh, that is a specific body, not as separated organs, can this world be something we can feel. This world is something simulacre and at the same time is bearing violence in it. She sacrifices herself to violence to avoid the very violence. This behavior is to refine or avoid gigantic violence. She is saying that the others' pains, birth and death of flowers are not only theirs but also ours.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2017

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging method that utilizes the optical scattering and interference for visualizing the surface as well as cross-sectional structures of tissue. OCT has been used for diagnosing diseases in early stage in various medical fields, but an application in cosmetics is still at early stage. In this study, OCT was adopted to evaluate skin texture and wrinkle. Results showed similar patterns of evaluation with PRIMOS in the assessment using replica. In addition, OCT produced smaller errors at different angles compared to the PRIMOS in the assessment using 3-dimensional models of wrinkles. The resolution of the image was also high enough to differentiate the images of before and after the application of makeup products. Possible use of OCT in the evaluation of fine wrinkle assessment was studied in this research. Further development of methods is necessary to provide more evidences of the effectiveness.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.307-322
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• 2021

This study examined the influence of social media on the beauty industry and analyzed beauty-related content on social media in China, Thailand, and Indonesia. The existing literature was reviewed and four social media platforms that display the active sharing of beauty-related content in the three stated countries were selected. Five information sources were then chosen from each social media platform and 115 top posts from these sources analyzed. Beauty-related material was shared on discrete social media platforms in the three countries. Differences were found in the presentation types, themes, and message strategies of the content depending on the type of product and services provided by each social media platform. The content on Xiao Hongshu in China consisted of images showcasing product specifications along with a focus on honest and detailed empirical product review messages from its general users. From Taobao Zibo, Wang Hong conveyed powerful and influential information that communicated instantly with viewers and delivered entertaining and sensory messages. In Thailand earnest reviews of beauty products were offered, along with firsthand testimonials through traditional content uploaded on YouTube. In Indonesia, beauty influencers posted creative and sensational photographs of makeup products on image-centered Instagram. This study expands the current scholarship on social media platforms and extends the scope of the extant research on beauty-related content in Asian countries. The practical implications of this study include useful indications on how beauty brands can use social media to promote their products.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.99-118
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• 2019

This study confirmed the followings based on analysis of language messages in 718 advertisement in , AMOREPACIFIC's beauty magazine, published from 1958 to 2018 by product categories, era, in terms of purchase information, persuasive expression, word type. First, the number of pieces among 1980s to 1990s advertisement were the largest and, in terms of product categories, there were the greatest number of pieces in skincare, makeup and mens products. Second, headline and bodycopy had a different aspect in persuasive expression. "focused on image-making" was mainly used for head lines. Specifically, "situational image" was generally dominant. While the "user image" was higher before 1990's, "brand image" was as recent times. "Informal" was mostly applied for bodycopies, especially, "general information" and "differentiated information" was used the most. It is important to know what kind of information the brand established in each brand should be embodied rather than simply dividing the appeal method into "rational appeal" and "emotional appeal."Third, persuasive expression has different aspects in headlines and body copies. "focused on image-making" was mainly used as headlines. Specifically, "situational image" is dominant. Also, "user image" was high before 1990s but "brand image" got higher in recent times. "Informal" was mostly used as body copies, especially "general information" and "differentiated information" were the most frequently selected. Therefore, it is important to apprehend which information to specify established images by brands, rather than to divide "rational appeals" and "emotional appeals". Lastly, categorizing word type into brand names and headlines, foreign language was the most dominant in brand names and Chinese characters in headline. Remarkably, brand names in native language temporarily high in 70's and 80's, which could be interpreted to be resulted from the government policy promoting native language brands in those times. In addition, foreign language was frequently used in cosmetics and Chinese characters in men's product. It could be explained that colors or seasons in cosmetic products were expressed in foreign language in most case. On the other hand, the inclination of men's product consumers, where they pursue prestige or confidence in Chinese character, was actively reflected to language messages.