• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the effect of Solanum nigrum aerial parts (SNAP) on macrophage activation and macrophage autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. SNAP increased the production of immunostimulatory factors and phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells. TLR4 inhibition blocked SNAP-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors. In addition, the JNK inhibition reduced the SNAP-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors, and the SNAP-mediated JNK activation was blocked by the TLR4 inhibition. SNAP activated macrophage autophagy. TLR4 inhibition blocked SNAP-mediated macrophage autophagy and inhibition of p38 and JNK attenuated SNAP-mediated macrophage autophagy. These findings indicate that SNAP may induce TLR4/JNK-mediated macrophage activation and TLR4/p38 and JNK-mediated macrophage autophagy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.29-37
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• 1988

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the effect of panax ginseng extracts on the immunotoxicity of ethanol. Immune response were evaluated by antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), Rosette froming cell (RFC) and macrophage activity in mice, sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells. The weight of liver, spleen and thymus were measured. Following results obtained in this experiment. The exposure of ethanol decreased humoral and cellular immune response, the body weight and macrophage activity. Ginseng extracts such as ethanol extract, petroleum ether extract and n-butanol fraction were significantly increased the body weight. The administration of ginseng ethanol extract and ginseng petroleum ether extract were restored or increased humoral and cellular immune response. Macrophage activity was decreased by ethanol, but restored by the ginseng extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2022

Maca roots (Lepidium meyenii) are an important medicinal herb that have long been used by the Andes-indigenous peoples and South Americans. In Korea, recently, it has attracted attention as a health food material because of nutritional values and physiological activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the industrial applicability of maca (red and golden varieties; R&G) as immunostimulating materials. In the macrophage stimulating assay using RAW 264.7 cells at 125~500 ㎍/mL of non-cytotoxicity doses, G-HW showed the most potent production of TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide compared to red maca or the other extracts. The general component analysis results showed that all extracts comprised more than 90% neutral sugars with small amounts of uronic acid and protein. Meanwhile, component sugar analysis showed the difference in the content of uronic acids of cold- and hot-water extract. Additionally, the further fractionation of G-HW into crude polysaccharide (G-CP) greatly enhanced the macrophage stimulating activity, and G-CP contained macromolecules over 144 kDa, comprised mainly of glucose and galacturonic acid (51.0 and 34.9%). In conclusion, crude polysaccharide from maca showed industrial applicability as immunostimulating material, and especially golden maca showed higher macrophage stimulating activity than red maca.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 1994

To investigate the effect of Korean mistletoe on stimulation of macrophage, the activity to induce interleukine-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factors-${\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ from murine peritoneal macrophage by its extracts originated from oak was examined. From in vitro analysis of the cytokines using the culture supernatants of macrophages stimulated with its extracts for 1hr, it was found that Korean mistletoe induces IL-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from murine macrophage. Furthermore, both extracts of Korean mistletoes that were extracted with distilled water and 2% acetic acid exhibited a significant activity to induce two cytokines. In the stimulation for 30 min, Korean mistletoe at concentration of $1{\sim}100\;\mu/ml$ showed a significant induction of IL-1 from macrophage until 24 hrs after stimulation, showing maximal activity on $5{\sim}10\;hrs\;at\;10{\sim}100\;\mu/ml$. On the other hand, $TNF-{\alpha}$ was induced on the early period, 2 hrs, after stimulation at a wide range of concentration, $1{\sim}500\;\mu/ml$. In addition, the fraction of Korean mistletoe from 80% saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation showed a significant activity to induce both cytokines from macrophage. The present study demonstrates that Korean mistletoe contains immunoregulatory factors responsible for stimulating murine macrophage to secrete IL-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ which play an important role in immune responses, and suggests that the activity of Korean mistletoe to induce two cytokines is functioned by a possible independent stimulation manner.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 2005

Background: ADP-ribosyl pyrophosphatases (ADPRase) has been known to catalyze the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose to ribose-5-phosphate and AMP. The role of ADPRase has been suggested to sanitize the cell by removing potentially toxic ADP-ribose. In this study, we examined the effect of nitric oxide on ADPRase activity in macrophages. Methods: ADPRase activity was measured in NO-inducing J774 cells. For in vitro experiments, recombinant human ADPRase was prepared in bacteria. Results: ADPRase activity was increased by the treatment of exogenous NO generating reagent, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in J774 cells. The increased ADPRase activity was mediated by the post-translational modification, likely to cause cADP-ribosylation via nitrosylation of cysteine residue on the enzyme. The stimulation with endogeneous NO inducers, $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$, also increased ADPRase activity through NO synthesis. Futhermore, ADPRase activity may be mediated by the post-translational modification of ADPRase, ADP-ribosylation. Conclusion: These results indicate that NO synthesized by macrophage activation plays a critical role in the increase in ADPRase activity following ADP-ribose metabolism.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2006

The oxidative notification of low density lipoprotein(LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL are found in macrophage foam cell, and it can induce an macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that Samkieum may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering the oxidiazability of LDL, To achieve this goal, we examined the effect of Samkieum on LDL oxidation nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and the effect of Samkieum on cupuric sulfate-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and macrophage activity. Samkieum inhibited the generation of oxidized LDL from native LDL in RAW264.7 cell culture, and decreased the release of LDH from cupric sulfate-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. In other experiments, Samkieum activated RAW264.7 cell, and prolonged the survival time, and increased nitric oxide production in Raw 264.7 cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aims at examining the effect of the fermentative extract of root of Sophorae Radix on the immuno-modulating activity. Methods : Cell viabilities were measured by MTT assay. Effect of SFS on nitric oxide(NO), hydrogen peroxide production from RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by Griess reagent assay. Effect of SFS on productions of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by a multiplex bead array assay based on xMAP technology. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. As a result of carrying out MTT assay to check the cellular toxicity of the fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix. There was not any excessive toxicity to the macrophage when the fermentative extract of root of Sophorae Radix was treated in different concentrations. 2. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix increased the generation of hydrogen peroxide in the macrophage and significantly restored the suppression of the generation of the hydrogen peroxide in the macrophage induced by LPS. 3. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix reduced the generation of NO in the macrophage and significantly suppressed the increase of the generation of NO in the macrophage induced by LPS. 4. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix significantly decreased the amount of TNF-${\alpha}$ generated in the macrophage induced by LPS when it was $25{\mu}g/mL$ or higher. Conclusion : These results suggest that SFS has anti-inflammatory moiety related with its inhibition of NO, hydrogen peroxide, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, in macrophage led by LPS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.312-315
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• 2000

To purify the macrophage phagocytic activity-enhancing component, ethanol-acetic acid (100 : 1, EA) extract of Korean wheat (Gobun wheat) and imported one (Australian Standard White, ASW) were fractionated with ethylacetate : methanol : $H_2O$(65 : 25 : 4, v/v/v), and identified by TLC and column chromatography. At least five fractions were separated from the EA extract of the wheats but amounts of fraction B, C and D were more in Gobun wheat than in ASW. The effects of all fractions on phagocytic activity were tested in macrophage J774 cells. Among the fractions, only fraction b of Gobun wheat showed significant increase of phagocytic activity against yeast.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.130-134
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• 2003

Proinflammatory effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been assessed by analysing the induction of two inflammatory genes, $interleukin-1\beta$ $(IL-1\beta)$ and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage cells. Production of a metabolite of arachidonic acid by COX-2, prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$, was also analysed in macrophage cells after LPS stimulation. Northern blot analysis revealed that LPS $(5{\mu}g/mL)$ significantly upregulated $IL-1\beta$ (54 times) and COX-2 (40.7 times) gene expression in macrophage cells after 4 h stimulation. According to RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis, $IL-1\beta$ gene induction in LPS stimulated macrophage cells was started within 1h and significantly increased thereafter until 4h. Meanwhile, COX-2 gene induction by LPS was delayed in comparison with $IL-1\beta$ gene induction as a faint band was observed after 4h stimulation in head kidney macrophage cells. LPS also significantly increased $PGE_2$ production in head kidney leucocytes, presumably via activating COX-2 expression that metabolites arachidonic acid to $PGE_2$. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that LPS could induce two main inflammatory and immune related genes, $IL-1\beta$ and COX-2, and increase $PGE_2$ production in trout head kidney macrophage cells, representing a strong inflammatory activity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 1994

The highest antitumor activity was observed in water soluble AS fraction of the Ganoderma lucidum IY 009. AS fraction did not show any cytotoxicity on sarcoma 180 cell but stimulated antibody production, opsonization of macrophage in ICR mouse and superoxide ion production from isolated macrophage. AS fraction activated complement C3 in human serum, and their antitumor activity was inhibited by EDTA, a chelator of cation related complementary activation. AS fraction exerted om prolong of life span and ingibition of tumor growth in the leukemia P388 or L1210 transplanted inbreed mouse,k BDF1 but krestin did not. AS fraction did not show any serious and lethal effects through oral administration on ICR mouse, and LD$_{50}$ of those was above 2,230 mg/kg.