• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.122-130
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• 2010

Common mushroom production per area has been decreased and are up to less than 50% of the 1980 production. To determine the main reasons for the decrement, we performed this study. Two main reasons, which are mushroom disease and the low compost quality because of mechanized compost making, were assessed. In mechanized mushroom farms, nitrogen concentration in compost was lower than recommended and total compost quantity was about 100-150 $kg/3.3m^2$, which was also lower than usual. Our study revealed that higher nitrogen concentration (about 1.5%) in compost gave better production. Also, use of large amount of compost appeared to increase the mushroom production, although more insects and disease problems were observed. The relationships between the presences of microorganisms and occurrence of diseases were assessed by monitoring the microorganism densities near the mushroom farms. Higher number of microorganisms were observed near the mushroom farm area, compared to control region, Daechon beach. Most contaminating molds were found in the circulating fans, tunnel and culture room floor. The bacterial isolates were collected from the air in mushroom culture room and killed with 0.005% Benzalkonium solution, indicating treatment of Benzalkonium are the effective methods to sanitize the mushroom culture room.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to propose plans to increase the number of urban parks as a way to help absorb carbon in order to implement the low carbon green city goals of Gangneung. As a study method, park incentive areas and current park areas were set as parameters and the areas of lacking in park space were categorized according to each indicator. The degree of park shortage was classified by overlapping the park shortage areas. Once the areas needing parks were assessed according to priority, target sites were selected on sites where construction would be actually possible. First, results of analysis showed that Songjeong-Dong and Seongdeok-Dong to the east of the target site lacking park space due to old residences and high population density or industrial use areas, were the most severe in the degree of park shortage. It was also shown that areas with high population density and park shortages included the Ponam-Dong, Okcheon-Dong and Hongje-Dong areas. Accordingly, the east side of the target areas and Hongje-Dong were both considered as high-priority areas needing to increase park space and actual possible target sites were selected for the creation of new, small parks in industrial areas by creating parks in school yards, in facility relocation sites and legal reviews. In addition, analysis indicators of park shortages were re-evaluated according to the securing of the park and it was shown that the problems in park shortages were resolved with the proper positioning of parks. In addition, satisfaction in the area of park per person, $3m^2$ was at a higher than a certain level in all areas except Songjeong-Dong, demonstrating that the park areas were evenly distributed. Areas of park shortage were shown in part of Songjeong-Dong and Seongdeok-Dong. This could be resolved by using alternative park resources such as the adjacent Gyeongpo Provincial Park, the beach and Namdaecheon.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.10-24
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• 1979

It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist\ulcornerure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres\ulcornerhing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr\ulcorneresher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.9-9
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• 1979

It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist?ure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres?hing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr?esher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 2009

Extraction characteristics of dried jujube and functional properties of corresponding extract were monitored by response surface methodology. Maximum extraction yield of 53.69% was obtained at extraction temperature of $50.35^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 16.69 hr, and ethanol concentration of 72.88%. At extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $45.80^{\circ}C$, 15.47 hr, and 73.12%, respectively, maximum cyclic adenosine monophosphate content was 8.20 mg/100 g. Maximum total polyphenol content was 18.85 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $64.91^{\circ}C$, 20.84 hr, and 66.91%, respectively. Maximum total flavonoid content was 0.48 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $57.36^{\circ}C$, 15.14 hr, and 71.08%, respectively. $IC_{50}$ value of electron donating ability showed maximum level of 32.34 mg/mL at extraction temperature of $48.46^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 19.25 hr, and ethanol concentration of 65.36%. Maximum ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity was 3.58 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram sample at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $56.09^{\circ}C$, 21.86 hr, and 65.36%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1510-1518
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of calcium citrate on papain-induced osteoarthritis in C57BL/6J mice. Osteoarthritis was induced by injecting $6{\mu}L$ of papain into the knee joints of mice. Calcium citrate was made by crushing the centrifuged precipitate after reacting 0.5 M citric acid with 1 kg of oyster shell extract. The mice were divided into five groups (n=8). The normal group was untreated, whereas the papain group was induced to have osteoarthritis and treated with $200{\mu}L$ of water per day. The papain+DS group was treated with diclofenac sodium. The papain+calcium citrate groups were treated with calcium citrate at 150 and 300 mg/kg/bw for 28 days. Proteoglycan contents in articular cartilages were measured by safranin O/fast green staining and hematoxylin & eosin staining. Histopathological changes in cartilages were analyzed by the Rudolphi score approach. Contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in plasma, were measured by the ELISA method. Body weights among the treated groups were not significantly different compared with that of the normal group. Cartilage loss and joint instability in the calcium citrate group improved significantly (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner compared with the papain group. Further, proteoglycan content of the calcium citrate group was considerably (P<0.05) higher than that of the papain group. Osteoarthritis scores in the calcium citrate group were considerably (P<0.05) reduced compared with the papain group. In the group treated with calcium citrate, contents of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in plasma were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in a dose-dependent manner in comparison with the normal group. Based on these results, we suggest that calcium citrate is effective for treatment of osteoarthritis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.616-623
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• 1996

Eum Yang Kwak, the aerial part of Epimedium koreanum, is widely used as a folk medicine for stimulant in man, tonic, and hypotensive purpose. The plant contains icariin (a specific flavonoid), magnoflorine (an alkaloid) and tannin, but their contents are not known until now. In this paper, a quantitative analysis method for them was developed. Determination of icariin and magnoflorine was successfully achived by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV detector in the ranges of $0.1{\sim}0.4\;mg$ and $0.002{\sim}0.1\;mg\;per\;ml$ sample, respectively. Extraction of the plant was carried out with water or 50% ethanol using different decocting temperatures and times. Icariin was well extracted either by water ($100^{\circ}C$, 3hr) or 50% ethanol ($85^{\circ}C$, 1hr), and its content in the plant was measured to be 0.94%. On the other hand, magnoflorine was fully extracted by 50% ethanol ($85^{\circ}C$, 1hr), and its content was determined to be 0.16%. Therefore, decoction of the medicinal plant with water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3hr turned out to be recommendable for the best extraction.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary resveratrol on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin, and blood antioxidant activity in broiler chicks. Three hundred twenty one-day old broiler chicks were divided 8 treatments (C(-), basal diet; C(+), basal diet with antibiotics; DL-${\alpha}$-tocopherol 20 IU; DL-${\alpha}$-tocopherol 200 IU; resveratrol 20 ppm; resveratrol 200 ppm; methylated resveratrol 20 ppm; methylated resveratrol 200 ppm) with 4 replicates and 10 birds per replicate. Birds were reared for 35 days, and, at the age of 35 days, eight birds of average weight from each replicate were selected for blood samples collection. There were no significant differences on feed intake and feed conversion ratio. But final body weight and weight gain in antibiotics, resveratrol and methylated resveratrol treatments were significantly higher than no-antibiotics and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences on carcass rate and relative organ weights among treatments, however, weights of liver and bursa of februcius in antibiotics, resveratrol and methylated resveratrol treatment were lower than other treatments. Weight of pancreas was high in resveratrol and methylated treatment. On the cecal microflora (total microbes, Coliform bacteria, Salmonella spp., and lactic acid bacteria), these in resveratrol and methylated resveratrol treatments didn't show the differences compared with those in no-antibiotics, antibiotics, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol treatments. In the serum, there were no significant differences on creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among treatments, though globulin contents of reseveratrol 200 ppm and methylated resveratrol 20 ppm treatments decreased compared to those of other treatments. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG and IgM) were significantly decreased in antibiotics and resveratrol treatments compared to that of no-antibiotics and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol treatments (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity tended to increase in resveratrol groups (P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference on malondiakdehyde (MDA) content among treatments. In conclusion, these results showed that resveratrol derived from mulberry can be used as alternative of antibiotics through improvement of broiler's performance and maintain of health.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 2020

Recently, it is difficult to produce uniform scions and rootstocks with high quality in a greenhouse due to weather extremes. The closed transplant production system is useful for producing scions and rootstocks with desirable morphological characteristics by environment control regardless of weather outside. In this study, we investigated transpiration rates and growth of cucumber and tomato scions and rootstocks grown under different light intensity conditions for precise irrigation control in a closed transplant production system. Hanging system to measure continuously the weight of plug tray consisting of seedlings and substrate with load-cell was installed in each growing bed. Using this system, we confirmed initial wilting point of cucumber and tomato seedlings, and conducted subirrigation when moisture content of substrate was not below 50%. The irrigation time of cucumber scions and rootstocks were 7 and 6 days after sowing, respectively. In tomato scions and rootstocks grown under PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) 300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, the irrigation time were 5, 8, 11, and 13 days after sowing. Increasing light intensity increased transpiration rates and differences of transpiration rates by light intensity was higher in tomato seedlings. The growth of cucumber and tomato seedlings was promoted by increasing light intensity, especially, hypocotyl elongation and stem thickening was affected by light intensity. Cumulative transpiration rate of plug tray in cucumber and tomato seedlings was increased by increasing light intensity, and daily transpiration rate per seedling was regressed by 1st-order linear equation with high correlation coefficient. Estimation of transpiration rates by weighing continuously plug tray of vegetable seedlings can be useful to control more accurately irrigation schedule in a closed transplant production system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2006

Radiation use efficiency (RUE), the amount of biomass produced per unit intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), constitutes a main part of crop growth simulation models. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation of RUE of rice plants under various nitrogen nutritive conditions. from 1998 to 2000, shoot dry weight (DW), intercepted PAR of rice canopies, and nitrogen nutritive status were measured in various nitrogen fertilization regimes using japonica and Tongil-type varieties. These data were used for estimating the average RUEs before heading and the relationship between RUE and the nitrogen nutritive status. The canopy extinction coefficient (K) increased with the growth of rice until maximum tillering stage and maintained constant at about 0.4 from maximum tillering to heading stage, rapidly increasing again after heading stage. The DW growth revealed significant linear correlation with the cumulative PAR interception of the canopy, enabling the estimation of the average RUE before heading with the slopes of the regression lines. Average RUE tended to increase with the increased level of nitrogen fertilization. RUE increased approaching maximum as the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) calculated by the ratio of actual shoot N concentration to the critical N concentration for the maximum growth at any growth stage and the specific leaf nitrogen $(SLN;\;g/m^2\;leaf\;area)$ increased. This relationship between RUE (g/MJ of PAR) and N nutritive status was expressed well by the following exponential functions: $$RUE=3.13\{1-exp(-4.33NNNI+1.26)\}$$ $$RUE=3.17\{1-exp(-1.33SLN+0.04)\}$$ The above equations explained, respectively, about 80% and 75% of the average RUE variation due to varying nitrogen nutritive status of rice plants. However, these equations would have some limitations if incorporated as a component model to simulate the rice growth as they are based on relationships averaged over the entire growth period before heading.