• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2006

Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a mixture of protopanaxadiol type saponins with a dammarane skeleton, from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer; Araliaceae). Korean ginseng is well-known herb to treat almost all kinds of diseases in Oriental medicine. This herb was particularly prescribed for treatment various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, for centuries. To understand the efficacy of ginseng against inflammatory diseases, we aimed to show anti-inflammatory activities of the PPD in murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells using nitric oxide (NO) production assay and the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). We found that PPD saponin significantly blocked LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$)-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PPD abrogated the expressions of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-$1{\beta}$ and MCP-1. Moreover, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a critical enzyme to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), was significantly inhibited by PPD in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggested that anti-inflammatory efficacy of Korean red ginseng on inflammatory diseases is, at least, due to the NO inhibitory activity and the inhibition of the expressional level of inflammatory cytokines and/or mediators.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2022

Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (PJT) has been used in traditional medicine to treat colds, coughs, fevers, and other inflammatory diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate whether 3'-isovaleryl-4'-senecioylkhellactone (IVSK) from PJT has anti-inflammatory effects on lung epithelial cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of IVSK were evaluated using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated A549 cells and regular human lung epithelial cells as a reference. IVSK reduced the secretion of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-1β. Additionally, it inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK), p65, Iκ-Bα, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK in A549 cells stimulated with PMA. Moreover, the binding affinity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was significantly reduced in the luciferase assay, while nuclear translocation was markedly inhibited by IVSK in the immunocytochemistry. These findings indicate that IVSK can protect against inflammation through the AP-1 and NF-κB pathway and could possibly be used as a lead compound for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.502-513
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 영지버섯 균사체 발효 꾸지뽕 잔가지 추출물의 지방세포 분화 억제 및 염증 억제 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 세포독성을 확인한 결과, 최대 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도까지 세포에 처리하여도 세포 생존율이 감소하지 않음을 확인되었다. 분화과정 동안 발효 꾸지뽕 잔가지 추출물을 처리하였을 때, 세포 내 지방 축적이 감소되었다. 분화과정에 관여하는 대표적인 adipokine인 leptin과 adiponectin의 생성량을 확인한 결과, 발효 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물에 의해 adiponectin의 생성 증가와 leptin의 생성 감소를 확인하였다. 지방세포 분화 관련 유전자의 발현은 분화 유도인자만 처리한 군에 비해 발효 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물이 함께 처리된 군에서 추출물의 농도가 높아질수록 지방분화 전사인자인 PPARγ와 C/EBPα의 발현량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 분화된 3T3-L1 세포에서 LPS에 의해 분비되는 염증성 사이토카인(TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1)의 생성량 변화를 측정한 결과, LPS 처리로 증가된 염증성 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하였으며 염증 관련 유전자인 iNOS, COX-2의 발현도 감소되었다. 또한, 발효 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물과 발효되지 않은 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물을 비교하였을 때, 발효 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물이 지방세포 분화 및 염증 억제 효과에서 더 높은 활성을 보였으며, 이들 결과를 종합적으로 볼 때, 영지버섯 균사체를 이용한 발효가 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지의 활성 증가에 기여하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 발효 꾸지뽕나무 잔가지 추출물은 항비만, 항염증 소재로서 비만뿐만 아니라 대사성 질환 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 향후 발효 꾸지뽕나무 추출물의 명확한 항비만, 항염증 효능을 확인하기 위해서는 유용 물질 분리 및 작용기전 등 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.268-272
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• 2011

전곡류의 섭취와 만성질환의 유병율은 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 선행 연구 결과, 지방축적억제능이 우수한 소재로 선정된 기장의 항염증능 여부를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 RAW264.7 세포에 기장열수분획($1\;{\mu}g/m\ell$ 및 $10\;{\mu}g/m\ell$)과 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)를 함께 처리한 후, 24시간 배양시켜 염증매개인자들의 분비량 및 mRNA 발현 정도를 측정하였다. 또한 LPS 자극에 대한 첫 번째 신호전달인자로 알려져 있는 interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4(IRAK-4)의 단백질 발현 정도를 측정하였다. 본 연구결과, 기장의 열수분획($10\;{\mu}g/m\ell$)은 LPS로 유도된 NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 및 MCP-1의 생성량 및 mRNA 발현량을 유의적으로 억제하였다(p<0.05). 특히 이들 지표 중 pro-inflammatory cytokine인 TNF-${\alpha}$와 IL-6의 mRNA 발현량이 효과적으로 감소하였다(p<0.01). IRAK-4의 단백질 발현량 또한 유의적으로 감소하여 LPS 자극에 대한 기장열수분획의 항염증능은 toll-like receptor(TLR)를 통한 IRAK-4를 매개로 하는 신호전달체계 조절에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was carried out to understand the immunity responses and anti-oxidation effect of the Gamidaeganghwal-tang(GDT) on rheumatoid arthritis by using the THP-1 cells and the serum of CIA mice. Methods : For this purpose, GDT was orally administerd to mice with rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen II. To investigate the immunity responses, value of cytokine and gene expression in the THP-1 cell, levels of cytokines in the serum of CIA(collagen type II induced arthritis) mice, number of immunocyte in PBMC of CIA mice were measured. Then, anti-oxidant activity, scavenging activity on DHHP(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical and SOD(Superoxide dismutae)-like activity of GDT was observed. Results : 1. The levels of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 at 100, $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of GDT were significantly reduced in the THP-1 cell. 2. The levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 mRNA expression at 100, $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of GDT and IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of GDT were significantly reduced in the THP-1 cell line. 3. The levels of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly reduced in the serum of CIA mice. 4. The absolute number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were significantly induced, CD3+/CD69+, CD3+/CD49+, CD19+, B220+/CD23+ cells were significantly reduced in PBMC. 5. Scavenging activity on DPPH free radical and SOD-like activity were significantly induced in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusions : Taking all these observations, GDT considered to be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore we have to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.962-969
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• 2016

본 연구는 속리산국립공원에 재도입 방사된 꽃사슴(n=6)(외래도입종)의 생태 및 행동학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 2012년 4월부터 2016년 8월까지 수행되었다. 분석된 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon)은 GPS Collar 발신기를 부착하여 포획된 원서식지에 재 방사하였으며, 연구기간 동안 수집된 1,385개의 위치 좌표를 이용하여 연간 행동권, 고도 등 서식지 이용특성을 분석하였다. 속리산국립공원에 재도입된 꽃사슴의 연구결과, 전체 행동권은 MCP 95% $2.24{\pm}1.50km^2$(t=3.648, p<0.05), 핵심구역인 FK 50%에서 $0.46{\pm}0.31km^2$(t=3.666, p<0.05)로 나타났다. 암 수 연간 행동권은 MCP 95% 수준에서 암컷 $1.53km^2$, 수컷은 $2.94km^2$로 분석되었다. 꽃사슴의 서식지 이용 중 고도 400~500m, 경사도 $30^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$, 향 S(남향)를 평균적으로 이용하였고, 도로와의 거리는 0~100m, 수계와의 거리는 0~50m을 이용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 자료는 외래도입종 꽃사슴에 대한 서식지 관리 정책 및 생태 등의 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.436-444
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• 2023

To produce an intestinal immunomodulatory beverage containing Centella asiatica extract (CAE), three types of CAE-added beverage prototypes were prepared, and their immunomodulatory activities and marker compounds were analyzed. As a result of the cytotoxicity assessment, all the beverages did not show significant toxicity compared to the control group. Next, the immunomodulatory activities of the beverage prototype were evaluated using the inflammatory model of IL-1β-induced intestinal epithelial cell line. All the samples significantly reduced the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in a CAE concentration-dependent manner. In addition, CAE-added beverages inhibited NO, IL-6, and IL-12 production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. When the major triterpenoids, as marker compounds for the production of CAE-added beverages, were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, only asiaticoside was detected beyond the limit of quantification, while madecassoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid were not detected. The amounts of asiaticoside in CAE-added beverage prototypes were confirmed in No. 1 (19.39 ㎍/mL), 2 (19.25 ㎍/mL), and 3 (19.98 ㎍/mL). In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that CAE-added beverage prototypes induced immunomodulatory effects in the intestinal inflammatory cell line models and asiaticoside could be used as a marker compound for CAE-added beverage production.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2012

In vitro tests were performed using CST to investigate its role on oxidative damages and inflammatory cytokines. 90% or higher cell viability was observed in CST treated groups from 25 to 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ using Raw 264.7 cells. CST showed dose-dependent DPPH scavenging activity, with 91.3% and 92.2% scavenging activities at 400 and 800 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, respectively. CST showed dose-dependent suppression activity of ROS production, especially at 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of 41.3%. CST decreased NO production activity, with significant decrease of 16.2% and 33.5% at 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, respectively. IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, MCP-1 production rate were significantly decreased by 30.0%, 27.2%, 22.1% when Raw 264.7 cells were treated with LPS and with CST of 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Also, TNF-${\alpha}$ production rate was decreased by 28.6%. The results above indicated therapeutic effect of CST on the AD through anti-oxidative and immune modulatory effect. Various blending of drug substances with CST should be clinically tested.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2010

Objectives : On an experimental basis, the effects of atopic dermatitis induced materials on the expression of cytokine genes in human monocytes (THP-1, U937) and mast cells were studied. This study was carried out to be considered a fundamental knowledge in the research on the good of oriental medicine. Methods : After culturing THP-1, U937, and HMC-1, with the three different concentrations of LPS ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$), DPE ($10\;{\mu}g/ml$), and DNCB ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$), atopic dermatitis induced materials were treated in the culture medium. To investigate cytokine genes expression patterns, with lysis buffer and separation reagent, total RNA was extracted from THP-1, U937, and HMC-1 at intervals of 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Both cytokine mRNA expression patterns by atopic dermatitis induced materials and change of cytokine genes expression patterns in relation to atopy by selenium were analyzed with RT-PCR. Also IL-4 and INF-$\gamma$, which were secreted in the HMC-1, were analyzed using ELISA method. Results : 1. After treating THP-1 and U937 with LPS, DPE, and DNCB, there was no significant change in cytokine genes themselves, but various cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IFN-$\gamma$, IFN-a, MCP-1, B2-MG) were expressed. 2. In the case of HMC-1, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in the analysis of mRNA expression by dust mite allergens in DPE. 3. As a result of ELISA method, it is certain that IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ protein were secreted in the HMC-1 by DPE. 4. Selenium, an essential trace element, decreased the IL-10 and IL-13 expression in the HMC-1 by DPE. Conclusion : The results suggest that it is necessary to choose proper atopic dermatitis induced materials and suitable cultured cells in establishment of in vitro model of atopic dermatitis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.