• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1990

The author conducted a dental survey of college girl students and compared with that of college students 20 years and 10 years ago which based on the same criteria. The items of this survey included the prevalence of dental caries, DMFT and the kinds of restored materials. College girl students 2,294 were examined in May 1988, with the recommended criteria and method of W.H.O.. Among them, the data of 2,243 were analyzed and compared with the data of 1968 and 1978. The following results were obtained : 1. The average number of present teeth was $28.86{\pm}1.65$, which does not show much difference when compared to $29.00{\pm}1.94$ of 1968 and $28.97{\pm}1.64$ of 1978. 2. The prevalence of dental caries was 86.22%, which increased in comparison to 83.25% of 1968 and 84.92% of 1978. 3. DMF index was 19.98, which considerably increased in comparison to 14.56 of 1968 and 15.51 of 1978. 4. The number of DMFT was $5.75{\pm}5.04$ per student. Compared to $4.23{\pm}3.88$ of 1968 and $4.49{\pm}3.69$ of 1978, there is a considerable increase. I) The average number of decayed(D) teeth was $1.14{\pm}1.63$, which decreased from $1.16{\pm}1.57$ of 1968 and $2.09{\pm}2.16$ of 1978. II) The average number of missing(M) teeth was $0.23{\pm}0.73$, which also decreased from $0.69{\pm}1.11$ of 1968 and $0.32{\pm}0.79$ of 1978. III) The average number of filled(F) teeth was $4.39{\pm}4.91$, which increased from $2.38{\pm}3.33$ of 1968 and $2.09{\pm}3.17$ of 1978. 5. According to the analysis of filling material, filling baby including amalgam, gold inlay, resin, silicate cement and paladium inlay was 90.5%, which increased in comparison to 72.8% of 1968 and 83.6% of 1978. Among them, amalgam occupied 62.93%, which showed the most increase. On the other hand, crown and bridge was 6.5%, 3.0%, respectively, which showed continuous decrease from 12.1%, 15.1% of 1968 and 8.7%, 7.7% of 1978. Therefore, the prosthodontic treatment reduced due to the decrease of tooth extraction. In contrast, there is continuous increase of conservative treatment which maintaining natural tooth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.905-910
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• 2002

4-Hydroxyalkenals are cytotoxic aldehydes generated by the oxidation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. To evaluate the potential risk of 4-hydroxyalkenals on Koreans, quantitative data of various oils are necessary. Simultaneous monitoring of 4-hydroxyhexenal and 4-hydroxynoneal in 39 samples including new and used ones through single ion monitoring mode of GC/MS detected both aldehydes in all samples tested, ranging from 0.21 to 26.9 nmol/g for 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 0.06 to 56.6 nmol/g for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Frying oils collected from local markets showed 2.28-7.90 and 8.31-30.5 nmol/g of 4-hydroxyhexenal and 4-hydroxynoneal, respectively. National health and nutrition survey data were employed to determine the exposure effect to these 4-hydroxyalkenals from the four most consumed oils in Korea. Daily exposures to hydroxyalkenals excluding possible exposure from fried food were $1.9\;{\mu}g$ from soybean oil, $0.5\;{\mu}g$ from sesame oil, $0.2\;{\mu}g$ from corn oil, and $0.1\;{\mu}g$ from perilla oil. Due to the increasing consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Korea, these data may provide valuable information for evaluating possible physiological effects of 4-hydroxyalkenals from vegetable oils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1621-1628
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• 2015

The immune system plays an important role in maintaining and protecting human health. In the present study, comparison of immuno-modulatory activities between polysaccharides (SFP) and ethanol (SFE) extracts separated from Sargassum fulvellum in macrophages and murine splenocytes were investigated. Immuno-modulatory activities of macrophages were estimated based on cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and lipopolysaccharide was used as a positive control. SFP and SFE treatment did not affect cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and SFP treatment significantly increased NO and cytokine production ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$), whereas SFE did not contribute to the increase in NO and cytokine production. In the case of splenocytes, SFP treatment increased splenocyte proliferation and also highly increased production of Th-1 type cytokines (IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$) than those of SFE. Through this study, we confirmed that immuno-modulatory activities of Sargassum fulvellum may be due to polysaccharide extracts and this can be a potential nutraceutical.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.173-177
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• 2002

We examined effects of red ginseng on the formation of glycated protein in vivo and in vitro. The mixtures (1 : 1 : 1, v/v/v) with glucose (1.5 g/dl, hemoglobin (10 g/d) and red ginseng extract (0.5 g/dl) in 0.067 M phosphate saline buffer were incubated for 5 days in shaking water bath (37$\^{C}$, 70 RPM). Male rats were divided into three groups with one health and two diabetes, consisting of 20 heads in each group. Diabetic rats, induced by streptozotocin injection, were treated with or without red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 months. The concentration of blood glucose and the rate of glycated hemoglobin were determined by commercial kits. The rate of glycated hemoglobin was significantly decreased by the addition of ginseng extract in comparison with non-addition group in vitro (12.17$\pm$ 1.01% vs 15.9$\pm$ 1.95%, meansd, p<0.01). Even though the levels of blood glucose in rats were not significantly different from each other, the rate of glycated hemoglobin in ginseng treated diabetic rats was $\pm$ se significantly lower than non-treated diabetic rats after 3 months (15.1$\pm$ 2.06% vs 20.1 $\pm$ 2.9%, mean$\pm$ sd, p<0.05). Additionally, the body weight was increased, drinking water volume was decreased non-significantly by the treatment of ginseng extract. These results suggest that ginseng can also inhibit the formation of glycated protein by other mechanisms which are not related with hyoglyemic effect of ginseng.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

Background: Metabolic disorders, including type II diabetes and obesity, present major health risks in industrialized countries. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has become the focus of a great deal of attention as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic syndromes. In this study, we evaluated whether dietary aloe could reduce obesity-induced inflammation and adipogenesis. Methods: Male C57BL/6 obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 54 days received a supplement of aloe formula (PAG, ALS, Aloe QDM, and Aloe QDM complex) or pioglitazone (PGZ) and were compared with unsupplemented controls (high-fat diet; HFD) or mice fed a regular diet (RD). RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to quantify the expression of obesity-induced inflammation. Results: Aloe QDM complex downregulated fat size through suppressed expression of scavenger receptors on adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) compared with HFD. Both white adipose tissue (WATs) and muscle exhibited increased AMPK activation through aloe supplementation, and in particular, the Aloe QDM complex. Obesity-induced inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and -6) and $HIF1{\alpha}$ mRNA and protein were decreased markedly, as was macrophage infiltration by the Aloe QDM complex. Further, the Aloe QDM complex decreased the translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 from the cytosol in the WAT. Conclusion: Dietary aloe formula reduced obesity-induced inflammatory responses by activation of AMPK in muscle and suppression of proinflammatory cytokines in the WAT. Additionally, the expression of scavenger receptors in the ATM and activation of AMPK in WAT led to reduction in the percent of body fat. Thus, we suggest that the effect of the Aloe QDM complex in the WAT and muscle are related to activation of AMPK and its use as a nutritional intervention against T2D and obesity-related inflammation.

• Composites Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.155-161
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• 2015

A composite structure was fabricated with embedded impact detection capabilities for applications in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). By embedding sensor functionality in the composite, the structure can successfully perform impact localization in real time. Smart resin, composed of $Pb(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-Pb(Zr,\;Ti)O_2$ (PNN-PZT) powder and epoxy resin with 1:30 wt%, was used instead of conventional epoxy resin in order to activate the sensor function in the composite structure. The embedded impact sensor in the composite was fabricated using Hand Lay-up and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding(VARTM) methods to inject the smart resin into the glass-fiber fabric. The electrodes were fabricated using silver paste on both the upper and bottom sides of the specimen, then poling treatment was conducted to activate the sensor function using a high voltage amplifier at 4 kV/mm for 30 min at room temperature. The composite's piezoelectric sensitivity was measured to be 35.13 mV/N by comparing the impact force signals from an impact hammer with the corresponding output voltage from the sensor. Because impact sensor functionality was successfully embedded in the composite structure, various applications of this technique in the SHM industry are anticipated. In particular, impact localization on large-scale composite structures with complex geometries is feasible using this composite embedded impact sensor.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2008

Objectives : Oriental Medicine Music Therapy is a new way of treating and preventing various diseases and promoting health by means of music specially picked and designed to produce Qi(氣) fitting to an individual person in the areas of the structure of human body, physiological function, pathological change, diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it can facilitate the efficiency of the treatment much better and faster than only with herb or acupuncture. Equilibrium between body and mind is its originality. Methods : A 38-year old man came to hospital suffering from left side weakness, dysarthria because of cerebral infarction. After one week's medication in the part of neurology, he was sent to the oriental medicine music therapy center, and he took ten times' medical treatments once a day. Before and after the treatments, implementing 'Ink foot print analysis', as for the movement capacity and walking of left side weakness, these results are acquired. Results and Conclusions : 1. Before the oriental medicine music therapy, except the acceleration and deceleration section, within three meters, a right foot's step was measured 30.55 cm and a left foot was measured 15.2 cm, and the step distance was 15.2 cm. After the 10 times treatments, the right foot's step was 112.6 cm, the left foot's step was 113 cm, and the step distance improved to 51.8 cm. 2. The normal person's average step is about 38 cm, and it could be decreased owing to a decreptitude, pain, fatigue, and the weakness of the legs. In spite of all, from the increased 50 cm step measurement with the patient's body condition, it means that his movement capacity is recovered. 3. In the measurement of walking time, before 10 times treatments, it took 46.35 seconds within 6M, but after the treatments, it increased to 7.47 seconds as same as a normal person's walking speed. 4. In insomnia, and the abnormality of a facial muscle, it shows lots of improvement, and even the accuracy of a pronunciation, but despite of the 10 times treatments, the 'ㄹ(r)' sound placed under a vowel is unclear. 5. Before the 10 times' treatments, he can move the left side shoulder with pain and cannot move below the left elbow. After the treatments, the pain was disappeared, and he was able to move over 60 cm without pain. And improving of the movement of fingers, he can beat over 8 times with a drumstick.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1278-1282
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to improve the sensory qualities of soymilk. For this purpose, soymilk was prepared by adding different types of rice grain, including cooked, puffed, and saccharified rice. Acceptable products could be obtained by addition of saccharified rice. The addition of saccharified rice had a positive influence on sensory qualities, especially mouth feel. Further, soymilk with saccharified rice was comparable in terms of physicochemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids, and viscosity) with commercial whole-bean soymilk. This result suggests that there are opportunities to develop a new market for soy-milk that incorporates health benefits and traditional beverages.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1274-1284
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• 2009

Single crystals of fully dehydrated and fully $Ca^{2+}$-exchanged zeolites A (|$Ca_6$|[$Si_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}$]-LTA) and X (|$Ca_{46}$| [$Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}$]-FAU) were brought into contact with Te in fine pyrex capillaries at 623 K and 673 K, respectively, for 5 days. Crystal structures of Te-sorbed $Ca^{2+}$-exchanged zeolites A and X have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at 294 K in the cubic space group Pm$\overline{3}$ m (a = 12.288(2) $\AA$) and Fd $\overline{3}$ (a = 25.012(1) $\AA$), respectively. The crystal structures of pale red-brown |$Ca_6Te_3$|[$Si_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}$]-LTA and black coloured |$Ca_{46}Te_8$| [$Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}$]-FAU have been refined to the final error indices of $R_1/wR_2\;=\;0.1096/0.2768\;and\;R_1/wR_2$ = 0.1054/ 0.2979 with 204 and 282 reflections for which $F_o\;>\;4{\sigma}(F_o)$, respectively. In the structure of |Ca6Te3|[$Si_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}$]- LTA, 6 $Ca^{2+}$ ions per unit cell were found at one crystallographic positions, on 3-fold axes equipoints of opposite 6-rings. In |$Ca_{46}Te_8$|[$Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}$]-FAU, 46 $Ca^{2+}$ ions per unit cell were found at four crystallographically distinct positions: 3 $Ca^{2+}$ ions at Ca(1) fill the 16 equivalent positions of site I, 21 $Ca^{2+}$ ions at Ca(2) fill the 32 equivalent positions of site I’, 10 and 12 $Ca^{2+}$ ions at Ca(3) and Ca(4), respectively, fill the 32 equivalent positions of site II. The Te clusters are stabilized by interaction with cations and framework oxygen. In sodalite units, Te-Te distances of 2.86(10) and 2.69(4) $\AA$ in zeolites A and X, respectively exhibited strong covalent properties due to their interaction with $Ca^{2+}$ ions. On the other hand, in large cavity and supercage, those of 2.99(3) and 2.76(11) $\AA$ in zeolites A and X, respectively, showed ionic properties because alternative ionic interaction was formed through framework oxygen at one end and $Ca^{2+}$ cations at the other end.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2007

Large colorless single crystals of sodium zeolite X, stoichiometry |Na80 |[Si112Al80O384]-FAU, with diameters up to 200 μm and Si/Al = 1.41 have been synthesized from gels with the composition of 2.40SiO2 : 2.00NaAlO2 : 7.52NaOH : 454H2O : 5.00TEA. One of these, a colorless octahedron about 200 μm in cross-section has been treated with aqueous 0.1 M KNO3 for the preparation of K+-exchanged zeolite X. The crystal structure of |K80|[Si112Al80O384]-FAU per unit cell, a = 24.838(4) A, dehydrated at 673 K and 1 × 10-6 Torr, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd at 294 K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 707 reflections for which Fo > 4σ (Fo)) R1 = 0.075 (based on F) and R2 = 0.236 (based on F2). About 80 K+ ions per unit cell are found at an unusually large number of crystallographically distinct positions, eight. Eleven K+ ions are at the centers of double 6-rings (D6Rs, site I; K-O = 2.492(6) A and O-K-O (octahedral) = 88.45(22)o and 91.55(22)o). Site-I' position (in the sodalite cavities opposite D6Rs) is occupied by five K+ ions per unit cell; these K+ ions are recessed 1.92 A into the sodalite cavities from their 3-oxygen planes (K-O = 2.820(19) A, and O-K-O = 78.6(6)o). Twety-three K+ ions are found at three nonequivalent site II (in the supercage) with occupancies of 5, 9, and 9 ions; these K+ ions are recessed 0.43 A, 0.75 A, and 1.55 A, respectively, into the supercage from the three oxygens to which it is bound (K-O = 2.36(13) A, 2.45(13) A, and 2.710(13) A, O-K-O = 116.5(20)o, 110.1(17)o, and 90.4(6)o, respectively). The remaining sixteen, thirteen, and twelve K+ ions occupy three sites III' near triple 4-rings in the supercage (K-O = 2.64(3) A, 2.94(3) A, 2.73(5) A, 2.96(6) A, 3.06(4) A, and 3.08(3) A).