• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1683-1690
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• 2018

Accurate and rapid diagnosis of influenza infection is essential to enable early antiviral treatment and reduce the mortality associated with seasonal and epidemic infections. Immunochromatography is one of the most common methods used for the diagnosis of seasonal human influenza; however, it is less effective in diagnosing pandemic influenza virus. Currently, rapid diagnostic kits for pandemic influenza virus rely on the detection of nucleoprotein (NP) or hemagglutinin (HA). NP detection shows higher specificity and is more sensitive than HA detection. In this study, we time-dependently screened expression conditions, and herein report optimal conditions for the expression of recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP), which was 48 h after infection. In addition, we report the use of the expressed rNP in a rapid influenza diagnostic test (SGT i-flex Influenza A&B Test). We constructed expression vectors that synthesized rNP (antigen) of influenza A and B in insect cells (Sf9 cells), employed the purified rNP to the immunoassay test kit, and clearly distinguished NPs of influenza A and influenza B using this rapid influenza diagnostic kit. This approach may improve the development of rapid test kits for influenza using NP.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 1986

Carious dentin can be classified, on the basis of their clinical characteristics, into three groups; sound, sclerotic and active carious dentin. Active carious dentin differs from sclerotic dentin by its abscence of variable bacteria within tubles and amount of chemical content. But the apatite molecules of active carious dentin are not fully studied. The purpose of this study was to observed the physico-chemical characteristics of deep carious dentin. The samples of sound, sclerotic and active carious dentin were obtained respectively from 300 freshly extracted carious teeth. Bacterial-rich zone of superficial soft dentin layer was removed with hand instruments from all samples in advance. The samples were powdered and sieved (200 mesh) before analyses. Identification and estimation of the crystallinity of the samples were carried with X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption analyses. Measurements were made on a Rigaku Denki (Rigaku, geiger flex III, Japan) X-ray diffractometer with Cu-target at 30 Kv, 30 mA and are traced on a monochromatic tracer. Infrared absorption analysis was made on FT-IR spectrophometer (Nicolet Instrument Co.) using KBr pellets containing the samples and was recorded on data process (Model IR-80. Nicolet Instrument, Co). The following conclusions were as follows; 1. The nature of the main inorganic structure of sound, sclerotic and active carious dentin proved to be hydroxyapatite. 2. It was difficult to determine the identification due to their crystallinity of sound, sclerotic and active carious dentin. But sound dentin was the highest in crystallinity among them. 3. The magnesium whitlockite was to be found in active carious dentin, but not in sound and sclerotic dentin. 4. The carbonate content was highest in sound dentin, but the lowest was in active carious dentin.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2015

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the motion of an FPSO (Floating production storage and off-loading) and the characteristics of the mooring systejavascript:confirm_mark('abe', '1');m according to the turret position. Model tests of a turret-moored FPSO were carried out in the Ocean Engineering basin of KRISO. The FPSO was moored using an internal turret and catenary mooring. The models (1/60 scale) that were prepared included the FPSO, turret, and mooring lines. The experiments were conducted in irregular waves and combined environments, with waves, currents, and winds. A time-domain simulation was performed using OrcaFlex. The motion response and mooring line tension from the present calculations were compared with the results of experiments, and the agreement was fairly good. In addition, the results showed that the weathervaning stability was improved when the position of the turret was moved in the bow direction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.270-275
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• 2014

Objectives: This study compared the mechanical properties of various instruments for canal exploration and glide-path preparations. Materials and Methods: The buckling resistance, bending stiffness, ultimate torsional strength, and fracture angle under torsional load were compared for C+ file (CP, Dentsply Maillefer), M access K-file (MA, Dentsply Maillefer), Mani K-file (MN, Mani), and NiTiFlex K-file (NT, Dentsply Maillefer). The files of ISO size #15 and a shaft length of 25 mm were selected. For measuring buckling resistance (n = 10), the files were loaded in the axial direction of the shaft, and the maximum load was measured during the files' deflection. The files (n = 10) were fixed at 3 mm from the tip and then bent $45^{\circ}$ with respect to their long axis, while the bending force was recorded by a load cell. For measuring the torsional properties, the files (n = 10) were also fixed at 3 mm, and clockwise rotations (2 rpm) were applied to the files in a straight state. The torsional load and the distortion angle were recorded until the files succumbed to the torque. Results: The CP was shown to require the highest load to buckle and bend the files, and the NT showed the least. While MA and MN showed similar buckling resistances, MN showed higher bending stiffness than MA. The NT had the lowest bending stiffness and ultimate torsional strength (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The tested instruments showed different mechanical properties depending on the evaluated parameters. CP and NT files were revealed to be the stiffest and the most flexible instruments, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

As the quality of a weld joint is strongly influenced by process parameters the welding process, an intelligent algorithms that can predict the bead geometry and shape to accomplish the desired mechanical properties of the weldment should be developed. In this study, prepared by ${\Phi}1.6mm$ GMA welding of metal wire nose Advice jowelui 350A 600A grade level inverter welder and DAIHEN SCR's were carried out using welding. Welding conditions were 5.5m/min wire feed rate the welding current is rapidly transmit approximately 260A, welding voltage was about 30V. CTWD a 22mm, shielding gas was Ar 20L/min and the welding speed was a 240mm/min. Using data collected during welding equipment welding current and welding voltage waveform was analyzed by measuring the volume of the transition mode. Addition of $CaCO_3$ as a loss of the spread of the weld bead dilution rate decreased, suggesting that, GMA in the overlay welding bead shape control, dilution control and may be used as a welding flux is considered. Stabilizing effect of the arc by the Ca-containing $CaF_2$, $CaCO_3$, $CaMg(CO_3)_2$, respectively, welding flux 0.1wt.% added GMA welding and weld overlay were evaluated with dilution, $CaF_2$, and $CaMg(CO_3)_2$ added to the dilution of Seemed to increase.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2018

Tidal current power is one of the energy sources of the ocean. Electricity can be generated by converting the flow energy of the current into the rotational energy of a turbine. Unlike tidal barrage, tidal current power does not require dams, which have a severe environmental impact. A floating-type tidal current power device can reduce the expensive support and installation cost, which usually account for approximately 41% of the total cost. It can also be deployed in relatively deep water using tensioned wires. The dynamic behavior of a floater and turbine force are coupled because the thrust and moment of the turbine affect the floater excursion, and the motion of the floater can affect the incoming speed of the flow into the turbine. To maximize the power generation and stabilize the system, the coupled motion of the floater and turbine must be extensively analyzed. However, unlike pile-fixed devices, there have been few studies involving the motion analysis of a moored-type tidal current power device. In this study, the commercial program OrcaFlex 10.1a was used for a time domain motion analysis. In addition, in-house code was used for an iterative calculation to solve the coupled problems. As a result, it was found that the maximum mooring load of 200 kN and the floater excursion of 5.5 m were increased by the turbine effect. The load that occurred on the mooring system satisfied the safety factor of 1.67 suggested by API. The optimum mooring system for the floating tidal current power device was suggested to maximize the power generation and stability of the floater.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-142
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• 2022

An analysis for the computation of Fatigue Damage Index (FDI) under the effects of the various combination of the ocean loads like random waves, current, platform motion and VIV (Vortex Induced Vibration) for a certain design water depth is a critically important part of the analysis and design of the marine riser platform integrated system. Herein, a 'Computer Simulation Model (CSM)' is developed to combine the advantages of the frequency domain and time domain. A case study considering a steel catenary riser operating in 1000 m water depth has been conducted with semi-submersible. The riser is subjected to extreme environmental conditions and static and dynamic response analyses are performed and the Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) of the offshore platform are computed with the frequency domain solution. Later the frequency domain results are integrated with time domain analysis system for the dynamic analysis in time domain. After that an extensive post processing is done to compute the FDI of the marine riser. In the present paper importance is given to the nature of the current profile and the VIV. At the end we have reported the detail results of the FDI comparison with VIV and without VIV under the linear current velocity and the FDI comparison with linear and power law current velocity with and without VIV. We have also reported the design recommendations for the marine riser in the regions where the higher fatigue damage is observed and the proposed CSM is implemented in industrially used standard soft solution systems (i.e., OrcaFlex^*TM and Ansys AQWA^**TM), Ms-Excel^***TM, and C++ programming language using its object oriented features.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.633-648
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• 2010

The study was performed to elucidate the characteristics of VOCs at distinct monitoring sites in urban atmosphere; one is at a roadside in downtown inland city of Jeonju, and the other is at an industrial site in Gunsan near coastal area. The ambient samples were collected for 24 hours in two-bed adsorbent tubes by using MTS-32 sequential tube sampler equipped with Flex air pump every 16 days in a roadside and a industrial complex from February to November in 2009. VOCs were determined by thermal desorption coupled with GC/MSD. Major individual VOCs in roadside samples were shown as following order in magnitude: toluene>m,p-xylene>ethyl benzene>decanal; and those in the industrial complex samples were as follows: toluene>ethanol>ethyl acetate>decanal>m,pxylene. High benzene concentration in the roadside was more frequently occurred than in the industrial complex. However ambient level of toluene in the industrial complex was higher than that in the road side. Results from roadside sample analysis showed that nonane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were very frequently observed with higher concentrations than those in the industrial complex. It seems that nonane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene could be the source characteristics for the roadside air. From the diurnal variation, it was found that concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, nonane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenznene in the roadside were higher during rush hours; but those in the industrial complex were higher from 10 to 16 LST when the industrial activities were animated. On weekly base, the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene in the roadside were higher specifically on Wednesday, but those in the industrial complex were higher on Sunday. It was found that the general trends of VOCs levels at both sites significantly influence on seasonal changes. The results of factor analysis showed that the VOCs in the roadside were mainly affected by the emission of vehicles and the evaporation of diesel fuel, meanwhile those in the industrial complex were influenced by the evaporation of solvents and vehicular emission.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.619-627
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• 1996

There are increasing use of composite resin in the posterior teeth and the new indirect inlay technique was introduced for compensating much troubles faced in direct technique. Many researchers insisted that overall properties of restorative materials were enhanced by an additional curing but this technique still has a problems about using cement material. Resin inlay obtains retention force from friction and another adhesion to tooth structure. A shape of cavity preparation was noted but studies about cement thickness and bond strength with cavity divergency are rare. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of cavity divergency on cement thickness and bond strength of resin inlay. Cavities, which divergency was $6^{\circ}$, $16^{\circ}$, and $26^{\circ}$ in each group, were prepared and their divergency was verified by Adobe Photoshop program through the image capture with stereo microscope and FlexCam. Inlays were fixed into the cavities with a resin cement, Superbond and were handled under chemical (in 75% ethanol for 24 hrs.) and thermal stress (500 cycles from $5^{\circ}$ to $55^{\circ}C$). MXT 70 (x400) was used for measuring the cement thickness and bond strength was evaluated with a universal testing machine. Following results were obtained : 1. The cement thickness in Mean (S.D.) were; 35.58 (10.31)${\mu}m$ in $6^{\circ}$ group, 35.97 (10.49)${\mu}m$ in $16^{\circ}$ group, and 41.43 (9.33)${\mu}m$ in $26^{\circ}$ group. But there was no significant difference between groups. 2. The bond strength in Mean (S.D.) were ; 33.18 (5.53)kg in $6^{\circ}$ group, 23.47 (13.40)kg in $16^{\circ}$ group, and 19.75 (10.48)kg in $26^{\circ}$ group. $6^{\circ}$ group showed significantly higher value compared to $16^{\circ}$ and $26^{\circ}$ groups (p<0.05). Although the results of this study indicate $6^{\circ}$ divergency will be good for resin inlay, cavity preparation with this type will have lots of difficulties in manufacturing, try-in, and cementation procedures, such as deformation. So it is concluded that $16^{\circ}$ divergent cavity preparation is recommended in resin inlay technique.

• Plant Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

It is becoming increasingly important to make use of alternative energy source. because It is not able to rely on only fossil fuel for the recent increasing demand of energy consumption. With this situation, lots of studies for utilizing low grade energy such as industrial waste heat, solar energy, and geothermal energy have been conducted. The aim of this study is to predict the operation characteristics of working fluid by using performance analysis program (ThermoFlex) through the system analysis which is not mixing district return water but using ORC(Organic Rankine Cycle, hereinafter ORC) as a downstream cycle when accumulating district heating (hereinafter DH). In this study, We conducted the performance analysis for the case which has the district heating water temperature($120^{\circ}C$) and Flow rate of $163m^3/h$ (including District Heating return water flow), and examined several working fluid which is proper to this temperature. The case using R245fa (which is the best-case) showed 269.2kW power output, 6.37% efficiency. Additionally, Cut down on fuel was expected because of the boiler inlet temperature increase by being Formed $57.3{\sim}85^{\circ}C$ in a temperature of district heating return water, depending on a pressure change of a condenser in ORC system.