농촌인구의 특성과 그 변화, 1960~1995: 인구구성 및 인구이동 (The Characteristics of Rural Population, Korea, 1960~1995: Population Composition and Internal Migration)
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- 한국인구학
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- 제19권2호
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- pp.77-105
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- 1996
농촌사회의 당면한 문제는 농촌인구의 극소와 잔존인구의 성·연령별 인구구조의 왜곡에서부터 제기되므로 농촌인구의 변화추세를 검토하였다. 그리고 최근 군부로의 전입과 전출 인구를 비교하여 최근 농촌으로의 인구회귀현상의 실태를 분석하였다. 끝으로 농촌의 인구실태를 파악하기 위하여 실시한 농촌마을 조사자료를 분석하여 농촌으로 전입하는 인구의 영향을 밝혔고, 특성별 농촌마을의 장래를 예측하였다. 군부의 인구는 도시로의 인구전출이 지속되면서 젊은 연령층과 영유아의 인구구성비가 낮고 노인연령층이 두텁게 되었다. 산업화 이전단계인 1960년 군부의 0∼4세 인구구성비는 시부보다 높았으나 농촌인구의 도시전출이 누적되면서 1975년부터 시부보다 낮아졌다. 그러나 1995년의 군부 0∼4세 인구구성비가 6.2%로 5년전보다 상승하여 시부와 차가 감소되었다. 또한 1980년대 후반에 시부에서 군부로 이동하는 인구의 연령별 구성에서 20∼34세에 총이동인구의 51.8%가 집중되어 있었으며, 이들의 교육수준은 시부로의 전입인구보다 오히려 높았다. 이러한 사실은 농촌사회의 변화로 나타내게 될 것이다. 그러나 순수농촌마을이라고 할 수 있는 보은군의 농촌마을과 원래 농업중심 마을이었으나 최근에 급속히 변하고 있는 파주군의 근교농촌마을의 인구구조를 비교한 결과 최근의 농촌인구구조의 변화와 젊은 연령층의 군부로 전입하는 현상은 일부 농촌, 특히 근교농촌의 변화에 의한 현상이지 전체 농촌인구형상의 변화라고 할 수 없었다. 이들 마을 실태조사에서 밝혀진 마을 인구구조의 특성에서 우리는 산업화나 도시의 영향을 받지 않는 순수농촌마을은 거주민의 노령화가 극단적으로 진행되어 마을 자체의 존속이 어려워지는 반면에 근교 농촌마을은 농촌의 성격이 흐려지면서 도시화 내지 산업화가 진행되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 않는 임신, 성감염증, 그리고 인공유산 등의 위험으로부터 제대로 보호를 받아야 한다고 믿는다.보완하는 벤치마크 기능도 수행하기 때문이다.국의 대외 이미지 개선을 위한 적극적인 PR활동과 기업의 최고경영자 차원의 로비활동 추진으로 대미(對美)로비체제를 적극적이며 능동적으로 수행할 수 있도록 하여야 한다.였고, W.X 조국은 동쪽으로 265.2m, W.Y 조국은 북쪽으로 279.5m, 그리고 X.Y 조국은 북서쪽으로 224.3m 편위하여, Loran - C 위치가 GPS 위치보다 약 250m 더 편위 된 것을 알 수 있었다.경우 본 논문에서 계산한 각 침로교각에 대한 최소피항개시거리와 안전피항개시거리을 미리 염두해 두고 피항조선을 하게 되면, 감각에 의한 조선방법으로 야기되는 충돌해난사고를 지양 할 수 있으리라 사료된다.만도에 따른 유의적인 증가를 (p<0.05)보여주었으나 여자의 경우는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. TG의 수치는 남자의 경우 KI가 110%미만인 그룹은
The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.