• 제목/요약/키워드: lowland rice field

검색결과 24건 처리시간 0.023초

한국의 화강암 지형에 대한 연구 (The studies of the granite landforms in South Korea)

  • 강대균
    • 한국지형학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2011
  • 한반도에서 화강암은 볼록한 석산과 오목하고 넓은 하곡과 같이 극단적인 형태의 지형을 발달시키는 이중성을 드러낸다. 화강암은 강한 암석이어서 산지를 형성한다. 화강암 산지는 험준하고 깎아지른 능선과 깊고 가파른 계곡을 형성하기도 하고 완만하고 부드러운 산세를 보이기도 한다. 풍화미지형은 토르와 타포니, 나마, 그루브, S자형암벽 등이 대표적이다. 선캄브리아기의 단단한 기반암으로 이루어진 한반도는 신생대 중신세 요곡융기 이후 각종 지형형성작용을 받았다. 그 결과 대하천 중·상류 구간에는 크고 작은 침식분지가 형성되었다고들 한다. 침식분지로 소개되는 곳은 대부분 단층선이 지나가는 골짜기이다. 지질구조선이 둘 또는 세 방향으로 교차하는 골짜기는 시야가 트여 있어 분지로 이해하기 쉬웠다. 폐쇄적이고 고립적 어감을 지닌 '분지'라는 용어는 하천이 관류하지 않는 최상류 소규모 유역분지에 국한시켜 사용하는 것이 적절하다. 침식분지는 양구 펀치볼에서 그 전형을 보이는 바와 같이 접시를 닮았다. '소위' 침식분지의 경사급변점과 분지바닥을 이루는 충적지 사이 산록에는 완경사 지형면이 다양한 규모로 나타난다. 완만한 사면의 산록면에 대해서는 페디먼트, 주빙하성 사면퇴적물, 선상지, 하안단구 등 다양한 해석이 시도되었다. 한편 화강암이 심층풍화를 받으면 풍화층과 토양에 덮인 구릉성 산지와 평야를 형성하기도 한다. 심층풍화층은 규모가 작은 하천의 잦은 범람에도 쉽게 평탄화하는 성향을 보여 넓은 하곡과 평야를 발달시켰다. 한반도 서남부 해안지방은 해발고도가 낮고 기복이 작은 구릉지와 충적지가 넓게 펼쳐진다. 구릉지는 야산개발에 의해 밭 이외에 과수원, 목장, 임야로 이용된다. 하천 양안 충적지는 주로 논으로 이용된다.

고려의 원시영역 유목초지, 그 부르칸(불함)이즘과 한국축산의 비전 (Burqanism from the Origin of the Pastoral Nomadic Koryo Region and the Vision of Korean Livestock Farming)

  • 주채혁
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.71-82
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    • 2005
  • Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.

논잡초방제용(雜草防除用) 제초제(除草劑)의 혼합효과(混合效果)에 관한 연구(硏究) (Study on the Behaviour of Mixtures of Herbicides in Transplanted Lowland Rice Field)

  • 김순철;최충돈;이수관
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.69-74
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    • 1983
  • 이앙답(移秧畓)에 사용(使用)되는 제초제(除草劑)들의 상호작용(相互作用) 관계(關係)를 해명(解明)하고 최소(最少) 혼합비율(混合比率)을 구명(究明)하여 효과적(效果的)인 제초제(除草劑) 사용(使用) 체계(體系) 수립(樹立)과 신제초제(新除草劑) 개발(開發)을 위한 기초(基礎) 자료(資料)를 얻기 위해 현재(現在) 시중(市中) 판매중(販賣中)에 있거나 시험연구중(試驗硏究中)에 있는 우량제초제(優良除草劑), butachlor, chlormethoxynil, Sw751, S47, SL 49, naproanilide 등(等) 14 종(種)을 91개(個)의 혼합조합(混合組合)으로 조성(組成)한 다음 이들을 피 (63%)-물달개비(16%)-울챙고랭이(10%)-너도방동산이(5%)-마디꽃(4%)의 상태(狀態)로 되어 있는 잡초군락형(雜草群落型)에 처리(處理)하였던 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 91개(個)의 혼합조합중(混合組合中) 길항적(拮抗的) 반응(反應)(Antagonism)을 보였던 혼합조합수(混合組合數)는 38 조합(組合)이였는데, 이 중 길항적(拮抗的) 반응(反應)이 5% 미만(未滿)인 것은 chlormethoxynil과 perfluidon 외(外) 10조합(組合), 길항적(拮抗的) 반응(反應)이 6~10%였던 것은 butachlor+SL 49 외(外) 11 조합(組合), 길항적(拮抗的) 반응(反應)이 11% 이상(以上)이였던 것은 butachlor+ nitrofen 외(外) 14 조합(組合)이였다. 2. 상가적(相加的) 반응(反應)(Additive)(혼합효과(混合效果) ${\pm}$ 2%) 을 보인 혼합조합(混合組合)은 butachlor와 bifenox, Sw 751, thiobencarb, naproanilide/thiobencarb, piperphos/dimethametryne, CG 113/napranilide 혼합(混合) 등(等) 40 조합(組合)이였다. 3. 공력적(共力的) 반응(反應)(synergism)을 보인 것은 13혼합조합(混合組合)이였는데 이 중 공력적(公力的) 효과(効果)가 5% 미만(未滿)인 혼합조합(混合組合)은 ACN/MCPB/nitrofen과 napronilide, naproanilide/thiobencarb, chlormethoxynil 혼합(混合), thiobencarb와 chlormethoxynil, nitrofen 혼합(混合), butachlor와 S47/bifenox 조합(組合)이였고 공력적(公力的) 효과(効果)가 6~10%였던 조합(組合)은 nitrofen과 chlormethoxynilide 혼합(混合), butachlor와 naproanilide, ACN/MCPB/nitrofen 혼합조합(混合組合)이였으며, 공력적(公力的) 효과(効科)가 11% 이상(以上)이였던 것은 chlormethoxynil과 butachlor, bifenox 혼합(混合), nitrofen과 ACN/MCPB/nitrofe 혼합조합(混合組合)이였다. 4. diphenylether 계(系) 제초제(除草劑)인 oxyfluorfen과 carbamate계(系) 제초제(除草劑)인 thiobencarb의 상호작용성(相互作用性)은 공력적(共力的) 효과(効果)가 인정(認定)되었으며 최대(最大) 상호작용지수(相互作用指數)는 약(約) 2에 해당하였고, 살초율(殺草率)이 90% 기대(期待)되는 최소약량(最少藥量) 혼합비율(混合比率)은 oxyfluorfen의 경우 0.012kg ai/ha 였고 thiobencarb의 경우는 0.45 kg ai/ha였다.

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밭토양(土壤)에 대(對)한 가리(加里) 검정(檢定) (Soil Testing for Potassium in Upland Soils -Review on the Methodologies-)

  • 홍종운
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.153-170
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    • 1977
  • 밭 토양(土壤)에 대(對)한 가리검정(加里檢定) 방법(方法)의 발전(發展) 방향(方向)을 염두(念頭)에 두고 이제까지 알려진 토양(土壤)의 가리(加里) 공급능(供給能) 평가(評價) 방법(方法) 및 토양유효가리(土壤有效加里) 검정(檢定) 방법(方法)들의 원리(原理)와 실제(實際) 활용성(活用性)들을 고찰(考察)했으며, 우리나라 밭 토양(土樓)의 가리(加里) 공급능(供給能)과 관련(關聯)된 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質) 및 밭 작물(作物)들의 가리(加里) 요구(要求) 특성(特性) 등(等)을 검토(檢討)했다. 다음은 본고찰(本考察)의 요지(要旨)이다. 1. 이제까지 상당(相當)히 많은 방법(方法)들이 토양(土壤)의 가리공급능(加里供給能) 평가(評價)와 유효가리(有效加里) 검정방법(檢定方法)으로 제안(提案)돼 왔다. 이들은 성질상(性質上) 두 가지로 크게 나뉘는데, 하나는 용량인자(容量因子)를 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)과 다른 하나는 강도인자(强度因子)를 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)이 그것이다. 용량인자(容量因子)의 경우(境遇)에는 대개(大槪) 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)와 비치환성(非置換性) 가리(加里) 일부(一部)를 측정(測定)하고, 강도인자(强度因子)의 경우(境遇)에는 주요(主要) 양(陽)이온의 활동도비(活動度比) 및 가리(加里) 치환(置換) Enegy에 대(對)해 관심(關心)을 둔다. 2. 관심(關心)의 대상(對象)이 되는 부분(部分)의 가리(加里)의 침출(浸出) 방법(方法)으로는 화학적(化學的)로는 침출법(浸出法), 전기접근법(電氣送析法) 및 이온 교환법(交換法) 등(等)이 알려져 있다. 그러나 방법(方法)의 간이성(簡易性) 때문에 화학적(化學的) 침출법(浸出法)이 널리 쓰이고 있다. 새로이 제안(提案)된 전기고도여과법(Electro-Ultra-Filtration)도 방법(方法)의 간이성(簡易性)과 이론적(理論的) 타당성(妥當性)을 고려(考慮)할 때 고찰(考察) 활용(活用)을 위(爲)해 연구(硏究)할 필요(必要)가 있다. 3. 강도인자(强度因子)를 고려(考慮)한 방법(方法)들은 이론적(理論的) 타당성(妥當性)은 높으나 수행상(逢行上)의 복잡성(複雜性)때문에 다량(多量)의 업무(業務)를 효(要)하는 토양검정(土壤檢定)에 활용(活用)키는 힘들다. 4. 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)는 수용성(水溶性) 가리(加里)의 제1차(第一次) 급원(給源)이며 장기간(長期間)에 걸쳐 작물(作物)에게 유효(有效)한 것으로 알려진 비치환성(非置換性) 가리함량(加里含量)에 대(對)한 지표(指標)도 되며 측정법(測定法)의 간이성(簡易性)이 높은 점(點)으로 보아 토양검정(土壤檢定)에서 채택(採擇)하기 알맞은 검정(檢定) 대상(對象)이다. 5. 작물(作物)에 의(依)한 가리흡수(加里吸收)의 난이도(難易度)는 유효가리(有效加里)의 함량(含量)에만 의(依)해 결정(決定)되지 않으므로 이 측정치(測定値)를 작물(作物)에 대(對)한 가리비료(加里肥料) 시용양(施用量) 추천(推薦)을 위(爲)해 활용(活用)코저 할 때는 총(總) CEC에 대(對)한 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)로 따지는 것이 무난(無難)한 것 같다. 6. 수개(數個)의 포장(團場) 시험(試驗) 성적(成績)과 pot 시험성적(試驗成績)들은 토양(土壤)의 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)가 비교적(比較的) 무난(無難)한 가리비료(加里肥料) 소요량(所要量) 추천(推薦)의 지표(指標)가 됨을 시사(示唆)한 바도 있다.

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