• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.559-570
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• 2003

The focus of this research was concerned with studying lower body type for Korean adult males. To understand the features of men's lower body required to organize an optimal sizing system for men's tight-fit slacks, information from the measuring values based on research on the physical standard of the nation(l997) were summarized; in addition, a factor analysis and a cluster analysis among multivariate analyses were performed. In terms of the need for appropriate fit in motorcycle wear, basic lower body parts applying to each item had to be taken into consideration to enhance sizing suitability. In the case of the length of the lower limbs, the inclusion of protectors plays an important role in affecting sizing. The factors related to the lower body were defined as follows: Factor 1 was the vertical dimension of the lower body, Factor 2 was the horizontal dimension of waist and hip, Factor 3 was the horizontal dimension of the lower limbs, Factor 4 was the length of hips, and Factor 5 was the ankle height. The lower body part was also divided into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 referred to the smallest stature and skeleton structure among the 3 body types. Cluster 2 represented the biggest stature, with a thin lower limbs body type. Cluster 3 represented a medium stature but with a large skeleton structure of lower limbs, a muscular type. In conclusion, Cluster 2 appeared most in the 20s age groups, but Cluster 3 appeared most in each of the 30s, 40's, and 50's age groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.453-462
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• 2003

The pantyhose is a close-fitting garment, and consumers are highly sensitive to any progress made in fitting the garment to their lower body and increasing comfort. However, the pantyhose manufactured in Korea are only one-sized. The purpose of this study is to suggest a sizing system for pantyhose. The results of this study are as follows: 1. As a results of questions regarding the sizing system of pantyhose, 88.2% of people who responded to our questionnaire preferred multi-sized pantyhose. In particular, larger women opposed to thin women expressed some dissatisfaction in the length and the width of the pantyhose. In addition, most of women preferred an indication of the sizing system and the body size of the control dimension (body mass and height). 2. The 13 species of pantyhose that were manufactured abroad are of all sizes, and only one type of pantyhose is one-sized. However, most domestic pantyhose except one, are one-sized. 3. As a result of the experiment, the spandex content in pantyhose was approximately 12∼18%. Moreover, the elongation rate was approximately 200-370%, which differed according to the features of the material. The stretch size of the pantyhose had varies greatly, add has not yet been standardized. 4. The methods for indicating the pantyhose size in this study are the square method and the stair method. The characteristics of the square method are simple, but the coverage is relatively low. The characteristic of the stair method are so complicated that older women have a low preference for this method. However, the coverage rate is high.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.33-40
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• 2000

The purpose of this proper is to set up the sizing system of the lower, which would be a guide for obese women for selecting ready-to-wear of suitable size. This study was carried out on 130 obese women and was done by cluster analysis with two(waist girth and hip girth) or three(abdomen circumference, hip girth and crotch length) variables. The results were as fellows: First, it was found that 3-5 sizes were suitable by cluster analysis with two variable. Second, 3-4 sizes were suitable with three variables. Finally, the number of sizes to product was 5 with two variables as a feasible solution, and 4 with three variables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.768-777
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• 2019

This study established a lower garment sizing system for elderly men over 65 years of age based on 535 males selected from the 5th Korean Anthropometric survey. The results are as follows. Most elderly men body measurements were smaller for adult males (except for the waist area); however, abdominal obesity has changed to body type. The standard deviation was applied around the average values of waist circumference and hip circumference for the suggestion of a lower garment sizing system for elderly men. The interval between the designation was ${\pm}2.5cm$ with an average waist circumference of 86 cm and ${\pm}2cm$ with an average hip circumference of 92 cm. A total of 13 designation sections were established in consideration of the cover ratio and cover efficiency. The cover ratio in the 13 nominal sections was 77.2%. The segmental distribution rate presented in the results will also be useful for production planning in specific sizes and enable rational production.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.28-38
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• 1997

Peach skin fabrics were washed by the general and ultrasonic washing systems using different conditions. The physical properties of the washed fabrics were estimated. The following results were obtained through experimental data and their analysis. The tensile properties were changed due to fabric running speed and washing methods. The lower the running speed, the higher the extensibility and resilience and the lower the linearity and tensile energy. In the general washing method, the extensibility and resilience had lower values than those of the ultrasonic washing method and the linearity and tensile energy had the higher values than those of the ultrasonic washing system. The bending properties, bending moment and histeresis, were estimated. These values were generally lower in the ultrasonic washing system than those of the general washing system. The faster the washing speed, the higher the value of hysterisis. The shear properties were affected by the fabric running speed and washing methods. Shear stiffness and hysteresis of shear forces increased according to the increase of the fabric running speed. The values were higher in the general washing system than those of the ultrasonic washing system. The compressional energy was affected by the fabric running speed. The higher the fabric speed the higher the compressional energy. The ultrasonic washing system had lower compressional energy than the general washing system. The higher the running speed, the lower the coefficient of friction and geometrical roughness. The values of geometrical roughness were infienced by the removal of the sizing agent. The higher the remaining sizing agent, the higher the fabric weight and the thicker the thickness of fabric.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.113-118
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• 2011

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle (FCHV) is one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of transportation. It has many outstanding advantages such as higher energy efficiency and much lower emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles. It also has the ability of recovering braking energy. In order to design an FCHV drive train, we need to determine the size of the electric motor, the Fuel Cell System (FCS), and the battery. In this paper, the methodology for the sizing of these components is introduced based on the driveability constraints of the FCHV. A power management strategy is also presented because the battery energy capacity depends on it. The warm-up time of the FCS is also considered in the power management strategy and the simulation result is compared to that without considering the warm-up time.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.56-60
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• 2016

Neutral or alkaline papermaking provides many advantages in paper strength and processing conditions. It also provides the opportunity of using calcium carbonate fillers in papermaking. These diverse advantages have made almost all paper machines of printing and writing papers run under neutral and alkaline conditions. On the other hand, linerboard machines, which use recycled papers as a raw material, are running under acid conditions using a rosin sizing system. Because the recycled raw materials used by the linerboard industry contain significant amounts of alkaline papers, the linerboard industry has an interest in the possibility of using the neutral or alkaline papermaking opportunity. In this study, the compatibility of the recycled linerboards under neutral or alkaline papermaking conditions was examined by recycling them under various pH conditions. The sizing degree of the papers recycled under neutral or alkaline was significantly lower than that of acid formed papers indicating that during the neutral or alkaline recycling process the rosin sized papers lost their sizing efficiency. Recycling of acid formed linerboards under neutral or alkaline conditions increased the amount of foam, and the foam contained substantial amount of solid materials derived from the acid sizing systems. Use of cationic polyelectrolytes including PEI and poly-DADMAC improved the sizing degree of the recycled papers under neutral and alkaline conditions. PEI decreased the foam generation as well while poly-DADMAC did not show any reducing effect of the foam. These results suggest that PEI forms coordinate bonds with rosin acid and precipitate them onto the surface of recycled fibers, while the reaction products between poly-DADMAC and rosin acid ions still remain water soluble under neutral or alkaline conditions.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.4 s.57
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• pp.646-657
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems of brands preferred by adolescents on sizing system and grading method and to provide a basic information for adolescent apparel manufacturers. Brands preffered by adolescents were obtained via a questionnaire from adolescents aged from 13 to 18 in Seoul and finally we selected upper 12 brands out of 20 brands they preffered. Also the graders of 12 brands were surveyed through direct interviews. The results indicated only 2 brands out of 12 brands(such as Adidas and Basic House) manufactured apparels for adolescents and most brands targeted customers in their early twenties as a main target market. As a results of researching the sizing system of 12 brands, women's apparel brands produced two sizes separately for upper and lower garments, unisex apparel brands produced garments in 4${\~}$8 sizes. For most of the brands, each size has a dimensional deviation on the same rate in all parts and 12 brands manufactured garments mainly with a dimensional deviation of 5cm in bust circumference and hip circumference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1979-1990
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• 2009

This study suggests apparel sizing systems for obese women in their twenties to fifties. Size Korea body measurement data were used for sampling the obese subjects by obesity judgment indices. A total of 7 obesity judgment indices frequently used in the clothing field were inspected and the measurement data of 499 females defined as "obese" by over 5 obesity judgment indices were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: A total of 2,212 female body measurement data for the Size Korea Project were collected. These were compared with the 499 data of the obese women in the study. Except for all heights and some lengths correlating with heights, the measurements of obese women were larger than the entire group of females. Bust girth, hip girth, and height were selected as control dimensions of the outerwear covering the upper body; waist girth and hip girth were selected as control dimensions of the outerwear covering the lower body. In each crosstabulation table, 3cm pitches and 5cm pitches by bust girth, waist girth, and hip girth were compared in the aspects of coverage and coverage efficiency. Finally, sizing charts for outerwear covering the upper body and the lower body of obese women were established in the study through the comparison of the coverage and the coverage efficiency. These Size charts were given by 5cm pitches as final sizing systems. Size number of outerwear covering the upper body was 10 and size number of outerwear covering the lower body was 9. In addition, the body measurements of control dimensions and referable dimensions for making garments are given.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.249-267
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to analyze breast shape by age, to classify breast types and then to suggest brassiere size chart. The subject of anthropometric measurement were 232 women in 20's and 40's. The direct anthropmetric measurement were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, duncan test, T-test, ANOVA, factor & cluster analysis The results are as follows; 1) as a result of analysis for the measurements, according to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and the items of width, depth, cir- cumference, length were increased, being obesity and breast points were dropped. So the volume and bottom area of 40's women's breast were lager than 20's women's. The width of breast points was bide by increasing of intereior. 2) as a result of factor analyxis, 5 factors were extracted as important factor of breast shapes(obesity of breast and location of breast point, breast height and volume, upper dimensions of breast/lower dimensions of breast, interior dimensions of breast/exterior dimensions of breast, volume of the lower part and drop of breast) 3) as a reslut of cluster analysis, the breast shape were classified into 4 types. namely, typel has the smallest volume, bottom area of breast and the slenderest breast, type2 was the second obesity type. type3 was middle sized type. type4 has much dropped, wide bottom area of breast and the biggest form. 4) To establish brassiere sizing system, the loss funtion was used to decide interval of under bust girth and cup size of size chart. 20 brassiere sizes were established and the size chart covers 92.2% of all subject.