• Integrative Medicine Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2017

Background: Traditional Korean Sasang constitutional (SC) medicine categorizes individuals into four constitutional types [Tae-eum (TE), So-eum (SE), Tae-yang (TY), or So-yang (SY)] based on biological and physiological characteristics. As these characteristics are closely related to the bioenergetics of the human body, we assessed the correlation between SC type and energy metabolism features. Methods: Forty healthy, young ($22.3{\pm}1.4$ years) males volunteered to participate in this study. Participants answered an SC questionnaire, and their face shape, voice tone, and body shape were assessed using an SC analysis tool. Thirty-one participants (10 TE, 10 SE, 3 TY, and 8 SY) were selected for further analysis. Collected blood samples were subjected to blood composition analysis, mitochondrial function analysis, and whole-exome sequencing. Results: The SY type showed significantly lower total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than the SE type. Cellular and mitochondrial Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were similar across types. All types showed similar basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, whereas the TE type showed a significantly lower ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate than the other types. Whole-exome sequencing identified several genes variants that were exclusively detected in particular SC types, including 19 for SE, seven for SY, 11 for TE, and six for TY. Conclusion: SC type-specific differences in mitochondrial function and gene mutations were detected in a small group of healthy, young Korean males. These results are expected to greatly improve the accurate screening and utilization of SC medicine.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Objectives: Although electro-acupuncture is being utilized to reduce weight in Korea, its usefulness in obesity management has not been fully evaluated yet. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Electro-acupuncture on thigh circumference. Methods: 12 healthy volunteers participated in this study. We measured the circumference of both thighs, and treated the thicker one with transcutaneous electro-acupuncture at 8 acupoints, 10 times in total. The electrical parameters were : 1st step frequency set was at 15Hz and the treatment proceeded for 50 minutes, 2nd step at 50Hz for 10 minutes and at 3rd step the acupunctures were removed and electrodes were attached on the lower limb at 166Hz for 15 minutes. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatment, total body weight, percentage of body fat and thigh circumference were measured 4 times. Before the treatment, after 5th and 10th treatment and 1 month after completion of the whole treating procedure. Statistical significance(P<0.05) was determined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. We did not control diet, exercise and lifestyle of the volunteers. Results: No significant change was shown in body weight after 10 times of treatment. Yet the thigh circumference of effect group significantly decreased after 5th treatment and 10th treatment. The circumference of control group that was not treated by electro-acupuncture significantly decreased too. At first, difference between the two thighs in circumference was obvious, but no difference was left after 10 times of treatments on the thicker thigh. Percentage of body fat was significantly decreased. 1 month after having completed the treatment, there was no significant difference of body weight, thigh circumferences and percentage of body fat. Conclusion: These results suggest that electro-acupuncture effectively regulates regional fat, body fat percentage and body shape.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the body perception and dietary attitude of adolescents in relation to self-esteem. Total of 1,030 middle school students in Bucheon were participated. Data were collected from July 14 to 21, 2008. by questionnaire, and analyzed by the SPSS V. 12.0 program. The research findings were summarized as that there was considerable mismatch between perceived body shapes and actual obesity status of the subjects, 52% of the boys, 36% of the girls, and 43% of the total participants, which indicated that perception of own body shapes was distorted. The girls and obese group tended to be more unsatisfied with their body weights than boys and underweight group, respectively. The dietary attitude scores were higher in boys than girls in all obesity groups, with the obese girls the lowest score. There were differences in self-esteem scores among the obesity groups with the underweight group the highest and the obese group the lowest. Self-esteem scores of boys were higher than girls in all 4 obesity groups. The body perception and dietary attitude were correlated with self-esteem in both boys and girls. It is shown that the more negative perception on their body shape, and the worse dietary attitude they had, the lower self-esteem both the boys and girls had.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

Background: Both objective body shape and perceived body image have been known to influence the mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of a combination between actual body mass index (BMI) status and perceived body image with anxiety depressive condition (ADC) in Korean men and women. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data of 26,239 subjects ${\geq}20$ years old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2014). This study performed a Rao-Scott chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses reflecting survey characteristics and used a variety of independent variables such as socio-demographics and health behavior factors. Results: With all independent variables considered, people with normal weight who perceived themselves as overweight were more likely associated with ADC than a referent group with normal weight who perceived themselves as normal weight, as shown for both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.15) and women (OR, 1.25; CI, 1.06-1.48). Meanwhile, compared to the referent group, men with underweight who perceived themselves as underweight showed a lower association with ADC (OR, 0.63; CI, 0.41-0.97), whereas women with underweight who perceived themselves as underweight showed its higher association (OR, 1.47; CI, 1.10-1.96). Conclusion: A certain group of people categorized as a combination between actual BMI status and perceived body image showed a relatively high likelihood of having ADC, and the gender difference in the likelihood of having the condition for a group was clear. Therefore, this study suggests the need to identify the group at a high risk of ADC on the basis of actual BMI status and perceived body image and to develop an appropriate mental health management program for the group.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.157-169
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• 2008

On the general trends of weight control for slimness, this study surveyed and compared eating attitude influenced by eating disorder, eating habits, and nutrition knowledge by obesity index in middle school girls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating disorders and eating habits, and analyzed these data by degree of obesity. This will provide basic information of nutrition education for adolescents who need to have proper body shape and dieting habits. This survey was conducted to one of girls' middle school in Incheon and all the data was analysed by SAS(Statistical Analysis System) program. The average height, weight and PIBW were 158.7cm, 48.2kg, and 93.9% in students. However, 50.8% of students were underweight or severely underweight. Most of female students perceived that they were normal or overweight even though they had underweight or normal. There was a significant difference in experience and intention of weight control by degree of obesity. In the overweight group, EAT-26 score tendency was high, especially preoccupation with losing weight(factor 1). It shows that obesity index had meaningful correlation with EAT-26 score and factor1. In dietary habit, overweight group showed more irregular meals tendency, and overeat frequently. On the other hand, this group had lower frequency and of smaller amount snacks. The intake frequency of meals and snacks showed in the affirmative way regardless of degree of obesity. The average score for nutrition knowledge about calorie and weight control was low. Correct answer rates were increased in higher overweight group. In conclusion, teenage girls who concerned too much about their slim body image need to be educated about accuracy concept of the body image. Also, practical and systematic nutrition education should be done for the correct nutrition knowledge and its application ability of individuals.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.299-312
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to create a shirt sloper suitable for an elderly male body shape by producing virtual models using a 3D-virtualization program, making a torso prototype using the Yuka CAD system, and employing 3D simulation to virtualize and calibrate the model. First, the following three types of obese dummies are implemented through the CLO 3D program: Type 1 exhibits body fat in the lower body; Type 2 exhibits an obese abdomen; and Type 3 displays a balanced form of obesity. Second, for the design of the shirt pattern, the waist back length (measured value+1), back armhole depth (C/10+12+3+0.5~1.5), front armhole depth (back armhole depth 0~1), front interscye (2C/10-1+0.5-0.5), armscye depth (C/10+2+3.5+ 0.5), back interscye (2C/10-1+1), front chest C (C/4+2.5+1), back chest C (C/4+2.5-1), front hem C (C/4+2.5+1(+2)), back hem C (C/4+2.5-1(+2)), cap height (AH/3-5), and biceps width (Front AH-1, Back AH-1) are calculated. Third, the virtual attachment of the shirt pattern is resolved by increasing the front and back armhole depths, and the front and rear wrinkles are improved by adding a back armhole dart. The front hem lift and lateral pull caused by the protrusion of the abdomen are amended by increasing the margin of the chest, waist C, and hip C, with the appearance improved by balanced margin distribution in the front, back, and side panels. The improved retail pattern with an increase in the front armholes C was balanced on the torso plate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.291-291
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• 2013

The interior vehicle noise due to the exterior aerodynamic field is an important topic in the acoustic design of a car. The air flow detached from the A-pillar and impacting the side windows are of particular interest as they are located close to the driver / passenger and provides a lower insulation index than the trimmed car body parts. HMC is interested in the numerical prediction of this aerodynamic noise generated by the car windows with the final objective of improving the products design and reducing this noise. The methodology proposed in this paper relies on two steps: the first step involves the computation of the exterior flow and turbulence induced non-linear acoustic field using the CAA(Computational aeroacoustics) solver CAA++. The second step consists in the computation of the vibro-acoustic transmission through the side window using the finite element vibro-acoustic solver Actran. The internal air cavity including trim component are included in the simulation. In order to validate the numerical process, an experimental set-up has been created based on a generic car shape. The car body includes the windshield and two side windows. The body is made of aluminum and trimmed with porous layers. First, this paper describes the method including the CAA and the vibro-acoustic models, from the boundary conditions to the different components involved, like the windows, the trims and the car cavity is detailed. In a second step, the experimental set-up is described. In the last part, the vibration of the windshield and windows, the total wind noise level results and the relative contributions of the different windows are then presented and compared to measurements. The influence of the flow yaw angle (different wind orientation) is also assessed.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.250-255
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• 2023

This study applies various surface patterns to minimize material loss in construction equipment that is subject to severe wear due to sand, such as the wear-resistant steel plates of dump trucks or the teeth of excavators. The relationship between surface morphology and wear behavior is investigated using PLA+ polymer to observe the effect of the surface pattern. Five types of samples - smooth, concave, convex, wavy concave, and wavy convex designs - are created using a 3D printer. A wear experiment is conducted for a duration of 3 h using 6.5 kg of abrasive particles. The mass loss of the samples after the experiment is measured to assess the extent of wear. Additionally, the surface morphology of the samples before and after the experiment is analyzed using SEM and confocal microscopy. The study results reveal that the smooth design exhibits the highest wear loss, whereas the concave and wavy concave designs show relatively lower wear loss. The convex and wavy convex designs exhibit varying contact areas with the abrasive particles depending on the surface pattern, resulting in different levels of wear. Furthermore, a comparison between the experimental results and DEM simulations confirms the observed wear trends. This study reveals the relationship between wear damage according to surface pattern shape and is expected to be of substantial help in the analysis of wear and tear on agricultural and heavy equipment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.379-385
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• 2017

This study identifies the optimal tube voltages depending on the changes in the patient's body type for limb tests using a digital radiography (DR) system. For the upper-limp test, the dose area product (DAP) was fixed at $5.06dGy{\ast} cm^2$, and for the lower-limb test, the DAP was fixed at $5.04dGy{\ast} cm^2$. Afterwards, the tube voltage was changed to four different stages and the images were taken three times at each stage. The thickness of the limbs was increased by 10 mm to 30 mm to change in the patient's body type. For a quantitative evaluation, Image J was used to calculate the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) among the four groups, according to the tube voltage. For statistical testing, the statistically significant differences were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 95% confidence level. For the qualitative analysis of the images, the pre-determined items were evaluated based on a 5-point Likert scale. In both upper-limb and lower-limb tests, the more the tube voltage increased, the more the CNR and SNR of the images decreased. The test on the changes depending on the patient's body shape showed that the more the thickness increased, the more the CNR and SNR decreased. In the qualitative evaluation on the upper limbs, the more the tube voltage increased, the more score increased to 4.6 at the maximum of 55kV and 3.6 at 40kV, respectively. The mean score for the lower limbs was 4.4, regardless of the tube voltage. The more either the upper or lower limbs got thicker, the more the score generally decreased. The score of the upper limps sharply dropped at 40kV, whereas that of the lower limps sharply dropped at 50kV. For patients with a standard thickness, the optimized images can be obtained when taken at 45kV for the upper limbs, and at 50kV for the lower limbs. However, when the thickness of the patient's limbs increases, it is best to set the tube voltage at 50 kV for the upper limbs and at 55 kV for the lower limbs.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare energy intake according to expected body mass index (BMI) in adolescents. A total of 280 middle school students were divided into current or/and expected obesity groups (underweight group; UWG, normal weight group; NWG, and overweight group; OWG) by BMI to compare energy intake and perception on body shape and weight control. The average age of total subjects was 15 years, and the distributions of boys and girls were 52.5% and 47.5%, respectively. The distribution of boys and girls was not significantly different among current obesity groups but was among expected obesity groups (15% and 82% in UWG vs. 71.4% and 16.5% NWG vs. 13.6% and 1.5% in OWG; P<0.001), indicating that girls wanted to lose weight more than boys. For body shape, most subjects in current obesity groups responded "fitness" in UWG (38.7%), "fitness" and "slightly chubby" in NWG (45.5% and 39%), and "slightly chubby" in OWG (65.2%), showing a significant difference (P<0.001). For interest in weight control, most subjects responded "average" in current UWcinterested" in current OWG (52.2%), whereas they responded "very interested" in expected UWG (55.7%), "average" in expected NWG (51.2%), and "not interested" in expected OWG (45.5%), showing a significant difference (P<0.001). The percentage of subjects with experience with weight control was significantly high in current OWG (71.7%), NWG (51.2%) and UWG (34.2%) as well as in expected UWG (57.3%), NWG (40.2%) and OWG (36.4%) in descending order (P<0.001). The daily energy intake of total subjects was 2,057.1 kcal without any significant difference among current obesity groups. However, it was significantly lower in expected UWG than expected NWG and OWG (1,943.1 kcal vs. 2,165.0 kcal or/and 2,152.1 kcal; P<0.001). To sum up these results, girls wanted to lose weight more than boys. The more students wanted to lose weight, the greater their experience and interest in weight control and the lower their energy intake.