• 복식
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• 제32권
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• pp.225-242
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• 1997

This study is historical research on the relationship between the Changes of the Form of costume and the recognition of the beauty of the body from prehistorical period to Ch'ing Dynasty in Chinese female costume. In figure painting a significant point was to describe the spirit of the figure so Chinese painters were less interested in ideal body pro-portion or body shape than Westerns. But idealized beauty of the female body existed and changed keeping abreast with the form of costume in each period. In the prehistorical period Wemen fasten waist belt so enabled to distinguish upper part of the body from lower one. "Locust-forehead moth-eyebrows(蝗首蛾毛)" recorded in "the Book of odes(詩經)" was the canon of beaty and Wemen tried to make their forehead broad and square from Zhou Dynasty to the Wei Jin periods. From the age of Civil War to han Dynasty Slender waist was loved so waist was tightly fastened and hemline became broader. in the course of that time Plump body in big cloth with broad sleeve emerged but that was less significant than Tang Dynasty. During Wei Jin and the Southern/Northern Dynasty undergo disruption and division they admired Taoist images. Loose fitting style with handkerchief hemline and broad sash belt was prevailed while miserable life was reflected gaunt face and lean body. Suk Dynasty also preferred a slim and long body silhouette. The style was presented extremely high waist line long and narrow sleeve slim and long skirt which expressed dynamic and straight image. The culture of Tang Dynasty was open and diverse and that character enabled blod decolletate revealing body line by tight fitting and special make-up-Social background of uion and stabilization made female body extremely plump full face. full breast and hips with most erotic image. The period of Kaiyuan Tianbao fashioned mannish disguise presented androgynous image. Five Dynasty and Song Dynasty restored standard body type so upper garments concealed neck and bust high waist line lowered which represented refined and simple outfit. But another eroticism emerged as foot-binding in Song Dynasty. For the sake of covering up deformed top of the feet and ankle gaiters and arrow shaped shoes were devised. During Ming Ch'ing Dynasties body shape became more slim weak and young causing to escort instinct that reflects 'Lust' or 'Mundanity'.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.226-235
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• 2018

This study compares body types among the Korean, Northern Chinese and South Chinese women in their thirties. The subjects of this study are 30-39 year old females that consisted of 200 people from Southern China, 200 people from Northern China, and 202 people from Korea. The results are as follows. There are differences among Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese and Korean women. Korean women are taller than both regions of Chinese women, hip height measurement and waist height measurement of Korean women's are higher than Chinese women, it means that Korean women's lower body parts are longer than Chinese women. Northern Chinese women have the highest circumference measurements and depth measurements; however, Southern Chinese women have similar measurements with Korean women. The body type classification according to the GB/T 1335.2-2008 shows that Northern and Southern Chinese women have different body types. Southern Chinese women are mainly in "A body type" and Northern Chinese women are mainly in "B body type". The body type classification according to the KS K 0051 shows that Chinese women are all mainly "H body type", Korean women are mostly in "A body type". This study articulated specific differences in body types among Southern Chinese, Northern Chinese, and Korean women, especially between Northern and Southern Chinese women. This study provides basic data for Chinese female somatotype research and Korean fashion brands.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2005

The study with the subjects at 200 adult males in Busan in their 20s had a purpose at analyzing lateral body shapes to develop men's educational dress forms. The following are the conclusions: 1. Comparison at the Body Dimensions at Busan Male Adults in Their 20s and the 5th Survey at Korean Body Measurement In the comparison at the Busan and national body dimensions by way at Mollison's relative deviation, all compared items were under the deviation of 0.7. Therefore, the sample of Busan male grown-ups is understood io represent the body shapes of the average Korean male adults in their 20s. 2. Results of Lateral Body Shape Classification From factor analysis, seven factors were produced to explain 75.45% of all variables. Those 7 factors to compose lateral body shapes were hip prominence, back-neck sides, upper body's front-back depth, lateral upper body depth, hip-waist depth, front chest-waist depth, and hip and waist height. Cluster analysis revealed four characteristic lateral body shapes. Type 1 with the appearance rate of 11.70%, named D, had the greatest upper chest angle and tanterior neck lower angle. The front side was more developed. Type 2 with 33.51%, named I, was generally long and slender. Type 3 with 24.47%, named d, had the biggest depth differences in hip-chest as well as more prominent back hip. Type 4 with 30.32%, named q, had the biggest dorsal upper angle and the tiniest chest upper angle as the back area was a little bent.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

Flow and temperature fields of a mid-size vehicle engine room are examined numerically to analyze the enhancement of cooling efficiency of several different design cases in a front body shape. The wall temperatures of a radiator and an engine parte are utilized to predict the effects of engine cooling on the thermal environment and the cooling efficiency in an engine room. The analyzed results are the mass flow rate at the upper and lower inlets, in the radiator, and the condenser. It is shown that the shape of the front end, lay-out of the engine parts, and the presence of the undercover greatly influence the flow and temperature fields, and the enhancement of cooling efficiency in the engine room.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1998

Anal endosonography has recently been popularized in adult patients in order to access staging of rectal cancer and other lesions of the anorectum. This study is not familiar to pediatric surgeons. We performed anal endosonography in 30 children without anorectal disease in order to determine the standard morphology of the anorectum. The internal anal sphincter(IAS) was clearly identified as a homogeneous hypoechoic circular band, extending caudally to a level just proximal to the anal verge. The external anal sphincter(EAS) showed mixed echogenicity and different architecture along the anal canal; the EAS was U-shape in the upper canal and it had a circular pattern in the lower canal. In the upper canal of girls, the perineal body and the vagina were found just anterior of the anal canal, which made the U shape of the EAS. In the male, the sphincter tapered anteriorly into two arcs that met in the midline. The perineal body was prominent in the female. Posteriorly, the anococcygeal ligament was represented by a triangular shadow in both sex. The thickness of the IAS was measured in 3 directions, left, right and posterior, at 3 levels, upper, middle and lower areas of the anal canal. The average thickness was 0.86-2.40 mm between 6 and 18 months of age(Group 1), 0.88-3.20 mm between 19 and 36(Group 2), 1.07-2.20 mm between 37 and 54(Group 3) and 1.18-2.42 mm more than 54-month-old(Group 4). The thickness was correlated with the age of the children only in the right upper(p=0.008) and the left middle portion(p=0.015). We were able to obtain standard morphologic features of the normal anal canal in children with anal endosonography. We believe that this technique is a safe and an effective procedure to evaluate anorectal lesions in children.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2007

The purposes of this study are to look into the formative characteristics of the miniskirt and to evaluate the visual effects and images according to changes in the silhouette and length of the miniskirt from analyzing the mini skirt style shown in 2007 S/S domestic fashion. The miniskirt style shown in 2007 S/S domestic fashion was analyzed with pictures from a fashion website "Interfashion Planning" from Feb. to May of 2007. As a result, the basic lines of the miniskirt are classified into two types according to the side line. The lengths of miniskirts are classified into five steps of 25 cm, 27.5 cm, 30 cm, 32.5 cm, and 35 cm from the natural waistline. The stimuli were produced with imaginative sewing system 3D CAD of i-design series. For the visual evaluation according to changes in the silhouettes and length of the miniskirt, we used 13 pairs of items to find the visual effects, and 23 pairs of adjectives to measure the visual images. The stimuli and adjectives were randomly given to the evaluators and were evaluated by the 7-point likert type scale. Data we got from this experiment was analyzed statistically by using the SPSS 12.0 and practiced the Factor Analysis and Correlation Analysis. Formative characteristics of miniskirts can be found in the lines, colors, and materials that are the elements of fashion designs, colors and materials are the characteristics of the cloth that is the medium of the expression of designs. The result of factor analysis of visual effects and visual images according to changes in the silhouettes and lengths of miniskirts, the visual effect was composed of the three factors of the length of the lower body, the thickness of the lower body, and the shape abdomen and it was showed that these three factors occupied 63.6% of the total variance. The visual image was composed of four factors of elegance, personality, attraction, maturity and these four factors got 67.6% of the total variance.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.556-564
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron nutritional status of college women residing in the Kyungin area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 102 college women. The mean height and weight were 160.3cm and 52.4kg, respectively. The proportion of subjects whose BMI was less than 20 was 41.3%. The proportion of subjects assessed as overweight(25$\geq$25%) assessed by the fat percent(FP) was 53.9%. The mean daily intake of iron was 13.90mg(77.1% of RDA), composed of 0.97mg of heme iron and 12.44mg(69.0% of RDA). When the sources of iron were grouped as rice(including bread), noodle, soup, side dish, and snack, noodle provided, 3.95mg of iron regarded as the highest amount. Subjects were taking 6.72mg(51.4% of RDA) of iron per day from main dishes(rice, bread and noodle). The fifty five percent of the subjects showed iron depletion(serum femitin<20ng/ml)and 33.4% showed suppressed erythropoiesis with iron deficiency(serum ferritin<10ng/ml). The anemic subjects assessed with transferrin saturation (<15%) represented 33.3% of the test population, whereas 11.8% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of hemoglobin. Subjects not satisfied with their body shape were having significantly lower amount of energy intake(p<0.05) than the subjects satisfied with their body shape. College women having mothers who graduated from university had a significantly decreased amount of energy, carbohydrates, fat and vitamin C(p<0.05). The mean RBC and serum iron of the subjects who were on a diet more than one month were lower than those of the subjects who were not on a diet(p<0.05).

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2008

This article aims to evaluate the visual effects and images according to the changes in the width of pleats of accordion pleats skirt. I altered the width of the pleats to seven categories in changes of 0.5cm, 0.7cm, l.0cm, 1.3cm, 2.0cm, 2.5cm and 3.0cm. For the visual evaluation, seven stimuli had been placed in mannequins, and had been estimated by experts in fashion design. For the visual evaluation according to changes in the width of pleats of according pleats skirt. I used 11 pairs of items to find their visual effects, and 17 pairs of adjectives to measure the visual images. Those stimuli and adjectives had been randomly given to evaluators and had been evaluated by the seven-point Likert type scale. The data have been analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, Scheffes test and correlation analysis. According to factor analysis of the visual effects of the accordion pleats skirt, the result was classified into three factors: the verticality of the lower body, flexuosity of the lower body, and shape of the abdomen. According to factor analysis of the visual image of the accordion pleats skirt, the result was classified into the following three factors: activity, attraction and neatness. In visual effects, the verticality of the lower body had been assessed as the most important factor of all. The visual effect was positive when the width of pleats had been narrowed. In visual image, activity had been assessed as the most important factor. In the case of accordion pleats skirt, as the width of pleats became wider, it had a stronger image in being active and casual.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.506-515
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• 2002

This study examined the state of health and weight maintenance according to the body mass index (BMI) , and explored demographic variables, diet variables, the degree of stress etc. The results presented were based on data collected from 428 women who are mothers of the middle school children in Jeongeup city. Using SPSS WIN (Ver 9.0) , the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were provided. The mean of BMI for the subjects was 22.6, the ratio of obese women (BMI $\geq$ 25) was 22.9%. The frequency of the reported circulation or respiratory related diseases was greater in the obese group compared to the normal weight ($20 \leq BMI \leq 25$) or the lean (BMI < 20) groups. The obese group had less awareness of obesity. Those who regard themselves obese had lower rates of satisfaction with their body shape and higher rates of interest in weight control. Approximately 65% of the subjects attempted weight reduction more than once. Subjects who were obese had the most undesirable dietary behavior. In particular, this group had the higher rates of rushed meals, overeating, meals while watching TV or newspapers, and snacking, and eating out. In analyzing the correlation of variables influencing obesity, there were positive correlations between obesity and overeating, obesity and the degree of stress. Correlations between obesity and satisfaction for life found to be negative. Moreover, stress had a positive correlation with obesity and overeating, and showed negative correlation with eating behavior. Consequently, stress seemed to induce undesirable eating behaviors and increase obesity. Of the demographic background variables, subjects who were obese tended to be older, had lower levels of education, higher rates of employment, longer period of marriage, the higher number of children, preschool children or children preparing for highschool or college, lower satisfaction with children and household life.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate body image, objective and subjective measurements of body size and shape, eating behavior, and weight control practices in 650 Korean adolescent girls; 500 of the subjects were 14 years old and enrolled in middle schools, while the remaining 150 were 17 years old and enrolled in high schools. Subjects responded anonymously to a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that average height and weight of the subjects were 157cm and 49.5kg, respectively, while subjects ideal heights and weights averaged 164cm and 48kg, respectively. The ideal adult body heights and weights proposed by the subjects averaged 172cm and 55kg respectively. Over 50% of the subjects were dissatisfied with their body image; the degree of dissatisfaction with body image was higher in those who believed themselves to be fat. Most of the subjects wanted to lose weight and had tried to lose weight. Self-reported weight control practice methods included reducing food intake (31.9%), skipping meals (29.6%), exercise (25.8%), using slimming machines (6.9%), and using diet pills (5.1%). The heavier the subjects weight was, the greater the difference between the subjective and objective evaluations of body size. The body image scores of subjects who perceived themselves as fat were significantly lower than those of subjects who perceived themselves as normal or underweight. The difference between subjective and objective evaluations of body size, and the degree of obesity, were significantly higher in those subjects who had experience of weight control than those who had no experience of weight control. These results suggest that nutrition and health education programs for adolescent girls should be researched and implemented in order to establish a more realistic body image, positive habits in weight control, and healthful eating habits.