• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.401-408
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• 1997

Background : Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital malformation, which is manifested by formation of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacking normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree. The preoperative diagnostic rate has been relatively low, and without consideration of pulmonary sequestration, unexpected bleeding from aberrant vessels may be a serious problem during the operation. The purpose of our study is to describe the clinical features of pulmonary sequestration based on a review of 15 cases treated by operation. Method : Fifteen patients with pulmonary sequestration who had undergone surgical treatment from 1991 through May 1996 at Yongdong Severance Hospital and Severance Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Results : The mean age of the patients was 22.5 years (range 5~57), and male to female ratio was 9 : 6. Clinical presentations varied from recurrent respiratory infections such as fever, cough, and sputum or chest pain to no symptom. The chest simple X-rays showed multicystic shadow(10/15) and solid mass-like shadow(5/15). The chest CT scans, done in twelve cases, showed multicystic lesion with or without lung infiltration(8/12), solid mass-like lesion(4/12), The chest MRIs, done in three cases, revealed the aberrant arteries originating from descending aorta(2/3). Aortograms, done in four cases, showed the aberrant arteries originating from descending thoracic aorta(2/4), abdominal aorta(I/4), and intercostal artery(1/4). and the venous returns were via the pulmonary veins. Pulmonary sequestration was considered preoperatively in six patients of fifteen. Other preliminary diagnosis were lung tumor(3/15), lung abscess(21/15), bronchiectasis(2/15), and mediastinal tumor(2/15). In the operative findings, twelve cases were of intralobar type and three cases of extralobar type. The left lower lobe was most often affected(9/15) and one extralobar sequestration was in the pericardium. The aberrant arteries originated from descending thoracic aorta(6/15), abdominal aorta(1/15), internal thoracic arteries (2/15), intercostal artery(1/15), pericardiophrenic artery(1/15), but in four cases, the origins could not be defined. There was no mortality or complication postoperatively. Conclusion : In our study, preoperative diagnostic rate was relatively low, and clinical features were similar to previous reports. Preoperative vigorous diagnostic approach including aortography is strongly advocated not only for its diagnostic value, but also for accurate localization of the aberrant vessels, which is major concern to surgical procedure.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.221-227
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• 1985

Thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy whose serum hCG levels had been measured by beta-hCG EIA before surgery were evaluated retrospectively. The results were as follows: 1. Final diagnosis of thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy comprised twenty- eight tubal pregnancy, five ruptures of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and, one tubo-ovarian abscess. One of the five patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum was accompanied by missed abortion. 2. Range of serum hCG levels in twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy was 59-21,980 mIU/ml and that of four patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and one patient with tubo-ovarian abscess was 0.6-6.6mIU/ml. Serum hCG level of a patient with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum who was accompanied by missed abostion was 200 mIU/ml. 3. Serum hCG levels in twenty-two of twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy were lower than 3,000 mIU/ml. Low serum hCG level below 100mIU/ml and high serum hCG level above 6,500 mIU/ml were noticed in four and six patients with tubal pregnancy, respectively. 4. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of twelve patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of less than 500ml and sixteen patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of more than 500ml were 4,131 (${\pm}7,801$) mIU/ml and 3,208 (${\pm}5,081$) mIU/ml, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the mean level of serum hCG between both group (P>0.05). 5. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of thirteen patients with unruptured tubal pregnancy and fifteen patients with ruptured tubal pregnancy were 2,628 (${\pm}5,448$) mIU/ml and 4,449 (${\pm}6,938$) mIU/ml, respectively. Mean level of serum hCG was statistically higher in ruptured tubal pregnancy (P<0.01). 6. Positive rate of urine pregnancy test in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 64% (16/25) and mean range of serum hCG level of nine patients with false negative result were 353 mIU/ml and 59-933 mIU/ml.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.53-73
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• 2002

It has been reported that degranulation of mast cells in rats, rabbits and dog was observed after dosing xylazine hydrochloride(Xh) which has been widely used as sedative, analgesic and muscular relaxant. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to examine the relations between Xh and histamine release and to identify the action of ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors which exists on the suface of mast cells. 1. The content of histamine within serum was measured with HPLC by performing the O-phthalaldehyde(OPA) fluorescent derivation. The pretreatment method had a little modification from the conventional method. The pretreament was carried out in the following method. 0.2$m\ell$ of serum and 1$m\ell$ of butanol were added to mixed together and then the liquid was centrifugally separated at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2,000 rpm for 3 minutes. 0.4$m\ell$ of 0.1N HCl and 1.6$m\ell$ of heptane were added to 0.8$m\ell$ of supernatant taken from the liquid, and they were mixed together. This mixture was also centrifugally separated at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was thrown away and the OPA fluorescent derivation was carried out with 0.2$m\ell$ of the lower liquid then, 5 minutes after mixing 400${\mu}\ell$ of 0.1N HCl, 120${\mu}\ell$ of 1N NaOH and 40${\mu}\ell$ of 0.1% OPA in the 0.2$m\ell$ of the lower liquid,120${\mu}\ell$ of 3.57N H$_3$PO$_4$ was added to the mixed liquid, and the liquid, was mixed again and syringe-filtered. Then, the measurement was done with HPLC in the 30 : 70(ν/ν) ratio of 0.004M KH$_2$PO$_4$: CH$_3$CN, flow rate of 1.0$m\ell$/min., and a wavelength of λex= 350nm and λem=444nm at the column temperature of 27$^{\circ}C$, using the fluorescence detector. 2. The content of histamine in each laboratory animal appeared to be higher in such an order as rabbit, rat, guinea pig, dog, Korean indigenous goat, swine, Korean indigenous cattle, Holstein, and mouse, of which the individual mean values${\pm}$standard deviation were 2.0668 ${\pm}$ 0.6049. 0.4999 ${\pm}$ 0.2278, 0.4241 ${\pm}$ 0.1974, 0.1054 ${\pm}$ 0.0556, 0.1028 ${\pm}$ 0.0276, 0.0972 ${\pm}$ 0.0513, 0.0872 ${\pm}$ 0.0373, 0.0717 ${\pm}$ 0.0379, and 0.0706 ${\pm}$ 0.0366, respectively. 3. The content of histamine was measured at the moments of 15-, 30-, 60-, 120-minutes after inoamuscular injection of 20mg/100kg Xh into two to 4 years old Holstein weighing 600∼700kg. The result showed that there was a significant increase at the times of 30- and 90-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 4. Intramuscular injection of 3mg/10kg Xh was given to crossbred pug dogs weighing 2.5∼4.3kg. The content of histamine was measured at the times of 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-minutes after injection. The result revealed that there was a significant increase at the times of 60-and 90-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 5. Intramuscular injection of 10mg/$m\ell$∼25mg/$m\ell$ Xh in concentration of 0.1$m\ell$ was applied to Korean indigenous goat over 5 months old. Then, the content of histamine was measured at the times of 15-, 30-, 60- and 90-minutes after injection. A significant increase was shown at the times of 30- and 60-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 6. The content of histamine was measured at the moments of 30- and 60-minutes after intramuscular injection of 0.1-0.2$m\ell$ Xh (20mg/$m\ell$) into male rabbits weighting 2.5-4kg. A significant increase was found at the moment of 60 minutes after injection(p<0.001). 7. After administering Xh to the mast cell taken from the abdominal cavity of mouse, the content of histamine was measured. The result showed that the higher the concentration, the more significantly the content of histamine was increased(p<0.05). 8. Compound 48/80 was administered in concentration of 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ to the mast cell picked from the abdominal cavity of mouse. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the content of histamine in case of the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$(p<0.05). It was found to be about 10,000 to 500,000 times stronger than the Xh. 9. After premedication of 1mg/kg of yohimbine hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenergic antagonist to rabbits, the Xh was administered to them. The result was that the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.001). 10. After premeditation of 1mg/kg of prazosin hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_1$-adrenergic antagonist to rabbits, the Xh was administered to them. It was found that the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.005). 11, Prazosin hydrochloride and yohimbine hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_1$-adrenergic antagonist, respectively, and ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenergic antagonist were administerd. In this case, the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.0001). As the results, when the Xh is administered to various kinds of animals, the amount of histamine release within serum is increased. In view of the results so far achieved, it is concluded that Xh acted on both a$_1$-adrenoreceptor and ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenoreceptor induces the degranulation of mast cell.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2019

The physical fitness of the cadets of the Air Force Academy, which will protect the airspace of the Republic of Korea, is of paramount importance to fulfill the given mission. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm the characteristics of body composition and physical fitness of female cadets of Air Force Academy and to verify their relationship with physical fitness according to body fat % level of total female cadets. To achieve the purpose of the study, 50 female cadets of the Korea Air Force Academy (1grade 13, 2grade 18, 3grade 9, 4grade 10) were measured in body composition (skeletal strength, body fat mass, body mass index, body fat %, abdominal obesity rate, basal metabolic rate) and physical fitness (muscle strength, muscular endurance, power, agility, flexibility and balance). One way ANOVA was performed for data processing to identify body composition and physical fitness characteristics by grade and to identify differences in physical fitness according to body fat rate levels. According to the study, the 1 grade was lower in body fat mass and body fat % among female cadets, the 2 grade was lower than the 3 and 4 grades, and the body mass index was lower than the third and fourth grades. Also, there was no difference in the physical fitness of the rest of the year. The intergroup physical fitness according to the body fat rate was higher than that of those with less than 20 percent of net worth and 25 percent to less than 25.1 percent to 30 percent, while those with less than 20 percent balance were higher than those with less than 25.1 to 30 percent. The results of this study showed differences in body composition by grade in female cadets, especially in power and balance according to body fat %. Therefore, female cadets of the Air Force Academy need to manage body fat to have the power and balance capability related to the airborne mission environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.449-464
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• 2019

Purpose: North Koreans could be at higher risk for their bone health because of previous periods of severe famine and the continuing low availability of food. This study determined the bone mineral density (BMD) status and its relationship with dietary behaviors and nutrient intake of North Korean refugees (NKR) in South Korea (SK). Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 110 female NKR from a NORNS cohort of a non-probability sample of adult NKR in Seoul. BMD examined by DEXA was used to divide participants into the normal group (NG) and the non-normal group (NNG) according to the WHO guideline. A self-administered questionnaire included questions on age, the socioeconomic situation in North Korea (NK) and SK, the food security in NK and SK, and the health behaviors, dietary behaviors, and food frequency questionnaire administered in SK. A one-day 24-hr recall was conducted and the results were analyzed by using CanPro. SPSS was used to analyze whether BMD and related dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes differed according to the groups. Results: NG (62.7%) was significantly younger and had a lower abdominal obesity score than NNG (p < 0.001). While 14.5% of NG reported experiencing menopause, all of NNG reported experiencing menopause. The NG more frequently consumed the dairy group of foods (9.6 times a week) than did the NNG (4.8 times a week) after the statistics were adjusted for age (p < 0.007). The NG consumed significantly more animal protein and animal calcium than did the NNG (p = 0.01, p = 0.009, respectively). Calcium intake was low with 49.3% of NG, and 78.0% of the NNG reported consuming calcium lower than the estimated average requirement. Only calcium showed an index of nutrient quality lower than one in both groups. Conclusion: These results showed that NKR women and possibly all North Korean women are at high risk for bone health and they consumed low levels of bone-related nutrients, and this should be considered for the nutrition policy for NKR and North Korea.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.219-235
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the change characteristics of boys among the ages of 13 and 18 years. This study is based on the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ national anthropometric survey(Size Korea) data. Background: Many changes can affect the body characteristics compared withthe past. The significant changes were shown in Pepsi generation according to the report of national anthropometric survey of Korea 1997. Method: The subjects of the survey were 1,899 boys of the $4^{th}$ Size Korea, 1,587 boys of the $5^{th}$Size Korea and 2,317 boys of the $6^{th}$ Size Korea, who were from 13 to 18 years old. The change characteristics were analyzed withanthropometric measurements, height index value and proportion. Results: Stature was increased in 17~18 years old age group of the $5^{th}$ and the $6^{th}$ Size Korea and height items of the lower body showed the tendency to increase as the $6^{th}$ Size Korea over the time. In the case of circumference items, the tendency to increase in the $5^{th}$ and the $6^{th}$ Size Korea was observed. If the $5^{th}$ and the $6^{th}$ Size Korea were compared, there were no changes of other circumference items but chest circumference of the $6^{th}$ Size Korea was decreased in comparison with the $5^{th}$ Size Korea. Waist breadth(natural indentation) was increased in the $6^{th}$ Size Korea in spite of chest breadth was decreased in the $5^{th}$ and the $6^{th}$ Size Korea. And shoulder length, biacromion length and bishoulder length were decreased. The proportion of chest circumference, abdominal extension circumference and hip circumference to waist circumference and the proportion of chest breadth to waist breadth(natural indentation) showed the tendency to decrease as the $6^{th}$ Size Korea over the time. Conclusion: There was no change of stature excluding 17~18 years old. Circumference items showed tendency to increase as the $6^{th}$ Size Korea over the time. Shoulder and chest breadth became narrow. The somatotype changed to board chest with narrow waist in comparison with the previous. Application: In this way, the body size of 13~18 years' old boys changes. If these change characteristics reflects to the school uniform design, research for the pattern development, and etc., these will be able to improve fit and satisfaction of clothes.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.664-675
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional associations between dietary factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 12,755 subjects (males 5,146, females 7,609) aged 19 years or above using data from the 4th (2007-2009) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The prevalence of MetS in Korean adults was 23.6% (males 26.1%, females 20.9%) with the criteria for modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. While males had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high blood pressure than females, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol level was higher in females than in males. Among dietary guidelines, the response of 'yes' for asking practice of 'avoiding salty foods', and 'eating moderately and increasing physical activity for healthy weight' were significantly associated with the decreased risk of MetS in both males and in females. Especially, the risk of MetS was significantly lower in the subjects that responded the practice of all items of Korean Dietary Guidelines. Significantly negative associations with MetS were also found in the responding for practice of 'limiting consumption of alcoholic beverages' in males, and taking dietary supplements in females. Skipping breakfast was positively associated with the risk of MetS. In conclusion, dietary behaviors such as having breakfast, practice of dietary guidelines, and food consumption in moderation could modify the prevalence of MetS, and our findings could be useful for establishing guidelines for preventing MetS.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.669-677
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry, nutrient intakes, dietary - related behaviors and health - related behaviors of male workers that were divided according to their alcohol consumption. The mean height, weight and BMI of all subjects were 172.0$\pm$5.8 cm, 67.8$\pm$9.3 kg and 22.9$\pm$2.6 kg/$m^2$, respectively. The WHR was higher in the heavy drinking group than in the other groups(p<0.01), while the other anthropometric indices were not significantly different among the three groups. The calorie intake was highest(p<0.001) in the heavy drinking group(3,270.4$\pm$686.5 kcal), followed by moderate(2,602.8$\pm$415.8 kcal) drinking group and light drinking group(2,341.5$\pm$449.4 kcal). As alcohol consumption increased, there was a decrease in the percent of energy derived from carbohydrates and lipids, while there was an increase in the percent of energy derived from proteins and alcohol(p<0.001). The heavy and moderate drinking groups had a highers intake of protein compared to the light drinking group, and the heavy drinking group had a higher intake of lipid compared to the light and moderate drinking groups(p<0.01). The intakes of vitamin $B_2$, niacin and phosphorus were lower in the moderate group than the other groups(p<0.01). The average MAR(Mean adequacy ratio) was 1.44$\pm$0.35 and the intake of all nutrients, except for folic acid, was much higher than the Korean RI(Recommended intake). The fruit intake frequency and sleeping hours were the lowest in the heavy drinking group(p<0.05) and the subjects preferred the following order of food products when they drink: meat(42.5%), fish & shellfish(30.0%), fruit & vegetable(22.5%) and others(5.0%) as a side dish. The average rates of smoking and exercise for all the subjects were 77.5% and 67.5%, respectively. The results of this study showed that heavy alcohol drinkers were more prone to abdominal obesity and related chronic degenerative diseases, indicating the need for extensive nutritional education for heavy alcohol drinkers.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.510-524
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• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to find the correlation between Sasang Constitution and heart rate variability(HRV). Method : There were 665 subjects (280 men and 385 women), between 39 and 72 years old. in a rural community. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by a Sasang constitutional specialist using PSSC (Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), face and tongue photo and checkup-list. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics. HRV was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time domain and by frequency domain analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included : blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride HDL-cholesterol, and abdominal obesity (waist). Because of the skewness of the data, logarithmic transformation was performed on the absolute units of the spectral components of HRV, and the resulting logarithmic values and normalized units were compared between the groups by a logistic regression. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of the odds ratio was used and calculated from the data laid out for a cross sectional study. Results : 1. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly lower than that of Soyangin in LF norm and LF/HF ratio. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly higher than that of Soyangin in HF norm. 2. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in female adults from 60 years old and over. 3. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in male adults. Conclusion : There is a statistically significant correlation between the HRV and Sasang Constitution. There is a tendency of increase in the sympathetic activity in Soyangin. There is a tendency of decrease in the parasympathetic activity in Taeeumin and Soeumin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.