• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

Objectives: There is considerable evidence that polluted ambient air contributes to the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the variation in heartbeat intervals and has been reported as a biological marker of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the existing literature in order to examine the association between air pollution and HRV. Methods: Literature was searched using Web of Science with the key words of "air pollution", "heart rate variability" and other related terms. A total of 156 articles were listed. For review, 21 of those listed publications were chosen after excluding studies regarding chamber studies, occupational environment, secondhand smoke and automobile exhaust. Results: Research methods employed in the publications were classified by type of participants (elderly/adult), air pollution monitoring (ambient/personal) and HRV monitoring (continuous/spot). Among HRV parameters, power in the low frequency range (LF), power in the high frequency range (HF) and standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) were all associated with air pollutants. The chosen studies were mostly based on elderly populations. In studies based on continuous HRV monitoring, LF and SDNN significantly decreased when $PM_{2.5}$ exposure increased. Conclusion: Continuous HRV monitoring combined with personal exposure monitoring has been one of the most common study methods in recent publications. We expect that this review will be useful for the study of the association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects using HRV.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2012

In this study, it is grasped the status of nutrients through an investigation of release characteristics and physicochemical properties of sediments on reservoir. And then the effect of sediments is evaluated on the water quality in reservoir. In the results of physicochemical analysis, the pollution level of midstream is the highest, which shows the traits that the water is more deeper and takes place a deposition consistently. Then, the pollution level of upstream is higher than downstream's because inflow has influence on the upstream directly. The downstream is located near tidal gate so that the soil particles can be moved easily and are difficult to be deposited due to the distribution of seawater by control of tidal gate. Therefore, the downstream is showed the lowest pollution level than the others. Also, the concentration of SOD(Sediment Oxygen Demand) in the upstream which is influenced on the effect of inflow is highest than the others. When it analyzes under anaerobic and aerobic condition to understand the release characteristic of sediment, it shows that the release rate is low or negative under the aerobic condition. Whereas the release rate is usually positive under the unaerobic condition relatively. According to these results, it is necessary to maintain the proper environmental factors of water body for decreasing the release rate of sediment. Because the release rate is changeable under the different condition of water body. Therefore, proper strategies are required for increasing the self-purification of water as well as keeping the aerobic condition of sediment and managing a sediment layer directly to control the inner-pollution by the sediment of reservoir.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.487-500
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• 2021

To evaluate the geochemical characteristics and assess the pollution in surface sediments of the Nakdong River estuary, two sites adjacent to the estuary bank (Hh1 and Hh2) and one site at the upper part of the estuary bank (Hh3) were investigated. The surface sediments were analyzed for their contents of metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Al), organic matter (IL, COD, TOC, and TN), and grain size from 2018 to 2020. As a result of the pollution assessment, there was little anthropogenic contamination by most of the metals. The surface sediments in Hh2 had comparatively abundant silt and clay, whereas the other sites were mainly composed of sand. The organic index and contents of organic matter were highest at Hh2. Multivariate statistical analyses (cluster analysis and Pearson correlation analysis) showed that the contents of organic matter and pollution were associated with fine sediment. These results suggest that the geochemical characteristics were changed by the estuary bank built in the research area and that the increase in fine sediment attributable to the low-energy environment resulted in an increase in organic matter pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 1995

Air pollution effects on soil chemical properties, denitrifying and sulfur-reducing bacteria and lichens were examined around the Yeochun industrial estate. Soil samples were collected from mountain and/or mountain edges around the Namhae Chemical Corp., which is located at the southern edge of the estate, and sampled plots which were selected at 2km, 4km, 6km, 8km, and 10km apart from the industrial estate. The forest soils around the industrial estate could be classified into the Reddish yellow forest soil group, but soil pH was quite lower than the soils of the group. Because of the extremely low soil pH, microbial activity related to mineralization of organic matter was expected to be very low even though C/N ratio ranged from 15 to 20. As a result, soil organic matter and total nitrogen in soil were relatively high compared to the soils of the group. In general, soil chemical properties around the industrial estate up to 4km apart from the estate were significantly different from the rest(more than 6km apart from the estate) possibly due to air pollution. However, denitrifying bacteria and sulfur-reducing bacteria did not show significant differences in colony forming units by the distances from the industrial estate. By the way, lichens showed distinct differences in frequencies and coverages by the distances from the industrial estate possibly due to air pollution. The corticolous lichens showed more sensitive response to the air pollution compared to the saxicolous lichens.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.474-484
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• 2005

Biological treatment is a promising alternative to conventional air pollution control methods. Bioreactors for air pollution control have found most of their success in the treatment of dilute and high flow waste air streams containing volatile organic compounds and odor compounds. They offer several advantages over traditional technologies such as incineration or adsorption. These include lower treatment costs, absence of formation of secondary pollutants, no spent chemicals, low energy demand and low temperature treatment. The most widely used bioreactor for air pollution control is biofilter, but it has several limitations. In the past years major progress has been accomplished in the development of vapor phase bioreactor, in particular biotrickling filters. Biotrickling filters are more complex than biofilters, but are usually more effective, especially for the treatment of compounds which are difficult to degrade or compounds that generate acidic by-products. While the level of understanding of biotrickling filtration process for VOCs still remains limited, the evident success of biotreatment of VOC in air stimulated the pursue of acitve research. This paper presents fundamental and theoretical/practical aspect of air pollution control in biotrickling filter. Special emphasis is given to the operating parameters and the factors influencing performance for air pollution control in biotrickling filter.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-58
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• 2013

In recently, the low impact development(LID) is discussed at various fields being related to urban stormwater, non-point source pollution, and quality of life. It is understood as an integrated development tool to induce sustainable development with various value-social, economic, and aesthetic. As concerning the development of waterfront area, the low impact development is interested in environmental planning. But the planning process and factors are not considered in precedent research. This study has two purposes. The one is to understand the planning process and factors of low impact development from literature review. The other is to apply the planning factors using case study and to know the effect of low impact development as the simulation plan. The simulation plan is based on some landuse planning. It is divided into the setting the region for environmental protection and the function of public facilities, spatial planning for enlarging permeable area, and spatial planning for circulation of water. The simulation model uses the LIDMOD2. The 14 planning factors of low impact development is applied to case region. And the effect is about 7~10 percent in reduction of nonpoint source pollution and surface runoff.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.507-516
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• 2010

Stationary combustion sources such as coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, industrial manufacturing, etc. are recognized as major sources of mercury emissions. Due to rapid economic growth, zinc production in Korea has increased significantly during the last 30 years. Total zinc production in Korea exceeded 739,000 tons in 2008, and Korea is currently the third largest zinc producing country in the world. Previous studies have revealed that zinc smelting has become one of the largest single sectors of total mercury emissions in the World. However, studies on this sector are very limited, and a large gap in the knowledge regarding emissions from this sector needs to be bridged. In this paper, Hg emission measurements were performed to develop emission factors from zinc smelting process. Stack sampling and analysis were carried out utilizing the Ontario Hydro method and US EPA method 101A. Preliminary data showed that $Hg^0$ concentrations in the flue gas ranged from 4.56 to $9.90\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $6.40\;{\mu}g/m^3$, Hg(p) concentrations ranged from 0.03 to $0.09\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $0.04\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and RGM concentrations ranged from 0.23 to $1.17\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $6.40\;{\mu}g/m^3$. To date, emission factors of 7.5~8.0 g/ton for Europe, North America and Australia, and of 20 or 25 g/ton for Africa, Asia and South America are widely accepted by researchers. In this study, Hg emission factors were estimated using the data measured at the commercial facilities as emissions per ton of zinc product. Emission factors for mercury from zinc smelting pross ranged from 4.32 to 12.96 mg/ton with an average of 8.31 mg/ton. The emission factors that we obtained in this study are relatively low, considering Hg contents in the zinc ores and control technology in use. However, as these values are estimated by limited data of single measurement of each, the emission factor and total emission amount must be updated in future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.11 no.1 s.22
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

The most likely influenced by the oil pollution at the sea is the fisheries industry, because if the destruction if the marine ecological system The rate if compensation for damage from IOPC Fund due to the incident if oil pollution is more or less $20\%$, which is remarkably lower than those cf our adjacent nations or European nations. The reason such a low rate cf compensation is that it is not easy to take evidences if changed caused by oil pollution requested by IOPC Fund due to the environments if our fisheries. Therefore unless the environments if our fisheries is changed completely, it is very difficult to get actual compensation for damages under the existing system, considering the results if the oil pollution damage compensation claim cases up to now. In this study tried to identify the actual benefits of 03FC convention that raises the upper limit if the compensation while keeping the criterion for compensation And proposed to supplement the compensation system of damage caused by oil pollution with analyzing the actual status if compensation from. IOPC Fund for the our oil pollution incidents and the judgment if Supreme Court on the case if oil. pollution acident in Keumdong No.5.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2011

In an effort to investigate water pollution characteristics of Juam lake, water samples were collected from three sites (Sites A, B, and C) of Oenam stream which is a typical tributary of rural watershed in the lake and analyzed for N concentration and the corresponding isotope ratio (${\delta}^{15}N$) of ${NO_3}^-$. Concentrations of ${NO_3}^-$ were not dramatically different among the sites; $0.8{\pm}0.2mgNL^{-1}$ (range: $0.0{\sim}4.3mgNL^{-1}$) for Site A, $1.1{\pm}0.2mgNL^{-1}$ ($0.0{\sim}4.3mgNL^{-1}$) for Site B, and $1.1{\pm}0.1mgNL^{-1}$ ($0.1{\sim}2.6mgNL^{-1}$) for Site C. Meanwhile, ${\delta}^{15}N$ tended to decrease with river flow; it was highest for Site A ($45.5{\pm}5.3$‰) followed by Site B ($19.7{\pm}2.0$‰) and Site C ($8.7{\pm}1.5$‰). Such high ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of ${NO_3}^-$ in Site A suggested that ${NO_3}^-$ derived from livestock feedlot (specifically livestock excrete of which ${\delta}^{15}N$ is higher than 10‰) is the predominant pollution sources despite mountainous area occupied the most of land-use in the watershed. Using the two-sources isotope mixing model, it was estimated that the contribution of cropping activities (i.e. fertilization) became greater in down-stream area (Sites B and C) due to the higher agricultural land-use than the up-stream area (Site A). Particularly, during the active cropping season, the low contribution of organic pollution sources indicated that domestic sewage was not the predominant pollution source. Therefore, it was suggested that agricultural sources such as livestock farming and cropping rather than mountainous and residential are the dominant sources of water pollution in the study area. These results could be effectively utilized in elucidating water pollution sources in rural areas and selecting water management practices.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.65-74
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• 2003

Air pollution included Nitric Oxide(NOx) from heating boilers is increased by pursuing better life. Development of low NOx emission boiler is strongly needed. However commercial burner for heating boiler is also asked to be thermal efficient and low-cost manufactuable in addition to low NOx emission. Small space for combustor including burner is usually allowed. In this study, parametric study of compact low NOx burner for heating boiler was done using numerical analysis and experiments. Commerical computational fluid dynamic(CFD) program named CFX 5-6 was used for numerical analysis of low NOx burner using turbulent diffusion flame. Comparison of outlet NO and outlet temperature under various equivalence ratio and fuel flow rate was performed between experiment and numerical analysis.