• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: The influence of visual stimulus on the auditory component in the perception of auditory-visual (AV) consonant-vowel syllables has been demonstrated in different languages. Inherent properties of unimodal stimuli are known to modulate AV integration. The present study investigated how the amount of McGurk effect (an outcome of AV integration) varies across three different consonant combinations in Kannada language. The importance of unimodal syllable identification on the amount of McGurk effect was also seen. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-eight individuals performed an AV identification task with ba/ga, pa/ka and ma/ṇa consonant combinations in AV congruent, AV incongruent (McGurk combination), audio alone and visual alone condition. Cluster analysis was performed using the identification scores for the incongruent stimuli, to classify the individuals into two groups; one with high and the other with low McGurk scores. The differences in the audio alone and visual alone scores between these groups were compared. Results: The results showed significantly higher McGurk scores for ma/ṇa compared to ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in both high and low McGurk score groups. No significant difference was noted between ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in either group. Identification of /ṇa/ presented in the visual alone condition correlated negatively with the higher McGurk scores. Conclusions: The results suggest that the final percept following the AV integration is not exclusively explained by the unimodal identification of the syllables. But there are other factors which may also contribute to making inferences about the final percept.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: The influence of visual stimulus on the auditory component in the perception of auditory-visual (AV) consonant-vowel syllables has been demonstrated in different languages. Inherent properties of unimodal stimuli are known to modulate AV integration. The present study investigated how the amount of McGurk effect (an outcome of AV integration) varies across three different consonant combinations in Kannada language. The importance of unimodal syllable identification on the amount of McGurk effect was also seen. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-eight individuals performed an AV identification task with ba/ga, pa/ka and ma/ṇa consonant combinations in AV congruent, AV incongruent (McGurk combination), audio alone and visual alone condition. Cluster analysis was performed using the identification scores for the incongruent stimuli, to classify the individuals into two groups; one with high and the other with low McGurk scores. The differences in the audio alone and visual alone scores between these groups were compared. Results: The results showed significantly higher McGurk scores for ma/ṇa compared to ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in both high and low McGurk score groups. No significant difference was noted between ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in either group. Identification of /ṇa/ presented in the visual alone condition correlated negatively with the higher McGurk scores. Conclusions: The results suggest that the final percept following the AV integration is not exclusively explained by the unimodal identification of the syllables. But there are other factors which may also contribute to making inferences about the final percept.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2001

In this paper, we synthesized vowel /ae/ with voice synthesis program of Dr. Speech Science, and we also synthesized pathologic vowel /ae/ by some parameters such as high frequency gain (HFG), low frequency gain(LFG), pitch flutter(PF) which represents jitter value and flutter of amplitude(FA) which represents shimmer value, and grade ranked as mild, moderate and severe respectively. And then we analysed all pathologic voice by analysis program of Dr. Speech Science. We expect that this synthesized pathologic voices are useful for understanding the parameter such as noise, jitter and shimmer and feedback effect to patient with voice disorder.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

The purpose, this experimental study was to identify pronunciation difficulties between male and female Korean speakers in their articulation of English vowels. Ten English mono-syllabic words were spoken six times by six male and six female college students. Formant frequencies were measured from sound spectrograms made by Pitch Works. Results show that Korean female speakers uttered English vowels more similar to those uttered by English native speakers than did Korean male speakers. While Korean male speakers could not readily distinguish between /i/ and /I/, /u/ and /v/, and /$\epsilon$/ and /ae/, respectively, Korean female speakers had difficulty only with /$\epsilon$/ and /ae/. The tentative results suggests that on the whole Korean speakers have difficulty in discriminating tense vowels from lax vowels, and they also have articulatory problems pronouncing low and back vowels such as /ae/. /a/ and /c/.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic durations of Korean vowels followed by either voiced or voiceless consonants. Six healthy adult speakers (2 females and 4 males) recorded nonsense syllables in which voiced (/b, d, g/) or voiceless (/p', t', k', $p^{h},t^{h},k^{h}$) consonants follow three different vowels (/i, a, u/) embedded in a carrier phrase. Results showed that vowels preceding voiced consonants (e.g., haba) were significantly longer in duration than those preceding voiceless consonants (e.g., hiP' a or $hip^{h}a$). Also vowels were longer in duration when occurring before velar-stops than before bilabial-stop and dental-stops. Finally, the duration of the low vowel (/a/) was substantially longer than that of the high vowels (/i, u/). These findings may be applicable to speech synthesis or therapy.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

This study examined the deletion of onset consonant in the word-internal structure in spontaneous Seoul Korean speech. It used the dataset of speakers in their 20s extracted from the Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech (Yun et al., 2015). The proportion of deletion of word-internal onset consonants was analyzed using the linear mixed-effects regression model. The factors that promoted the deletion of onsets were primarily the types of consonants and their phonetic contexts. The results showed that onset deletion was more likely to occur for a lenis velar stop [k] than the other consonants, and in the phonetic contexts, when the preceding vowel was a low central vowel [a]. Moreover, some speakers tended to more frequently delete onset consonants (e.g., [k] and [n]) than other speakers, which reflected individual differences. This study implies that word-internal onsets undergo a process of gradient reduction within individuals' articulatory strategies.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2000

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate characteristics of English vowels as spoken by Korean speakers. Ten English mono-syllabic words were spoken six times by six male college students who were born and raised in Seoul. Formant frequencies were measured from sound spectrograms made by the PC Quirer. Results showed that Korean speakers similarly pronounced /i/ and /I/, /u/ and /$\upsilon$/, and /$\varepsilon$/ and /${\ae}$/ respectively. It seems that Korean speakers can not differentiate tense vowels(/i/, /u/) from lax vowels(/i/, /$\upsilon$/) and pronounce low vowels such as /${\ae}$/, /a/, /c/ clearly. It is necessary that Korean speakers practice the correct movements of the jaw, tongue, and lips when they pronounce English vowels.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2016

Twenty five English native speakers with two different L2 experienced groups and nineteen native Koreans heard both Korean word-initial nasals (/m/ and /n/) in three vowel contexts (low, mid, and high) produced by a native Korean speaker. The experiment examined the hypothesis that Korean nasals are more likely to be judged or perceived correctly by the L2-experienced English learners of Korean than the unexperienced counterparts. The result showed that L2 experienced group was more sensitive to effects of vowel height in judging the Korean nasals in which the perception of nasals before the high vowels was more subject to it. In addition, place of nasal articulation causes asymmetry relations - bilabial nasal /m/ is more likely to be perceived as plosives rather than alveolar nasal /n/. The study found that the L2 experience has a somewhat limited role in perceiving the nasals correctly in the word-initial position, especially before the high vowels, in that even the L2 experienced English subjects have difficulty in identifying the Korean nasals correctly in this environment. Nevertheless, low L2 proficiency might be accounted for the difficulty in the bilabial nasal identification observed by the L2 experienced group.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Speaking styles tend to have an influence on spectral characteristics of produced speech. There are not many studies on the spectral characteristics of speech because of complicated processing of too much spectral data. The purpose of this study was to examine spectral characteristics and formant bandwidths of English vowels produced by nine American males with different speaking styles: clear or conversational styles; high- or low-pitched voices. Praat was used to collect pitch-corrected long-term averaged spectra and bandwidths of the first two formants of eleven vowels in the speaking styles. Results showed that the spectral characteristics of the vowels varied systematically according to the speaking styles. The clear speech showed higher spectral energy of the vowels than that of the conversational speech while the high-pitched voice did the same over the low-pitched voice. In addition, front and back vowel groups showed different spectral characteristics. Secondly, there was no statistically significant difference between B1 and B2 in the speaking styles. B1 was generally lower than B2 when reflecting the source spectrum and radiation effect. However, there was a statistically significant difference in B2 between the front and back vowel groups. The author concluded that spectral characteristics reflect speaking styles systematically while bandwidths measured at a few formant frequency points do not reveal style differences properly. Further studies would be desirable to examine how people would evaluate different sets of synthetic vowels with spectral characteristics or with bandwidths modified.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.422-435
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• 2024

본 연구의 목적은 안면 마스크가 한국어에 미치는 영향을 음향적, 공기역학적, 포먼트 매개변수 측면에서 검증하고자 하였다. 국내에서 판매되는 모든 종류의 마스크를 필터 성능과 접이식 방식을 기준으로 선택하였다. 본 연구에는 표준 한국어를 구사하는 경력 20년 이상의 한국인 전문 성우 2명(남녀)이 음성 데이터의 화자로 참여하였다. 연구 결과, 안면 마스크는 고주파수 범위를 약화시켜 Vowel Space Area(VSA) 및 Vowel Articulation Index(VAI) 점수를 감소시키고 모든 음성 샘플에서 Low-to-High spectral ratio(L/H ratio)을 증가시킨 것으로 나타났다. 이로 인해 음성 명료도가 낮아질 수 있음을 파악하였다. 그러나 음성 특성에 따라 증가 및 감소 정도가 결정되며 여성 화자의 경우 안면 마스크 두께가 증가함에 따라 Speech Level(SL)과 Cepstral Peak Prominence(CPP)가 증가하였다. 그러나 남성 화자의 경우 안면 마스크 두께가 증가함에 따라 이 두 매개변수가 감소하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서는 마스크의 유무나 필터 성능이 음성 특성에 따른 음성 음향 매개변수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 안면 마스크는 음성 강도가 충분히 강하지 않거나 환경의 반향이 덜할 때 음성 노력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마스크 착용시 음향 변형을 극복하기 위해 안면 마스크로 유도된 음성 노력에 대한 추가적인 연구가 수행되어야 함을 시사한다.