• Wind and Structures
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.449-463
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• 2011

Drag forces on a rectangular louvered panel, both as a free-standing structure and as a component in a generic low-rise building model, were obtained in a wind tunnel study. When tested in a building model, the porosity ratio of the wall opposite the louvered panel was varied to investigate its effect on the loading of the louvered panel. Both mean and pseudo-steady drag coefficients were obtained. Comparisons with the provisions for porous walls in contemporary loading standards indicate that for some opposite wall porosity ratios, the standards specify significantly different wind loads (larger and smaller) than obtained from this wind tunnel study.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.665-678
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• 2008

The beams components subjected to the loading such as axial, bending and cyclic thermal loads were studied in this research. The used constitutive equations are those of elasto-plasticity coupled to ductile and/or creep damage. The nonlinear kinematic hardening behavior was considered in elastoplasticity modeling. The unified damage law proposed for ductile failure and fatigue by the author of Sermage et al. (2000) and Kachanov's creep damage model applied to cyclic creep and low cycle fatigue of beams. Based on the results of the analysis, the shakedown limit loads were determined through the calculation of the residual strains developed in the beam analysis. The iterative technique determines the shakedown limit load in an iterative manner by performing a series of full coupled elastic-plastic and continuum damage cyclic loading modeling. The maximum load carrying capacity of the beam can withstand, were determined and imposed on the Bree's interaction diagram. Comparison between the shakedown diagrams generated by or without creep and/or ductile damage for the loading patterns was presented.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.750-756
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• 2017

This paper presents a method for DC voltage control of HVDC system connection of offshore wind farms. In the event of fault in AC grid, HVDC system need to meet LVRT regulations. When HVDC system meet LVRT regulation, unbalance is caused between power input and power output for DC link. Therefore, LVRT regulation lead to DC voltage increase of HVDC system. To control the DC voltage increase, the chopper resistor can be suggested. In this paper, DC voltage suppression is proposed using chopper resistor and de-loading. The effectiveness of the chopper resistor was verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.483-489
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• 2000

The purpose of this work is to investigate fatigue damage of quasi-isotropic laminates under tensile loading in different directions. Low cycle fatigue tests of $[0/-60/60]_s$ laminates and $[30/-30/90]_s$ laminates were carried out. Material systems used are AS4/Epoxy and AS4/PEEK. The fatigue damage of $[30/-30/90]_s$ is very different from that of $[0/-60/60]_s$. The experimental results are compared with the result obtained from the method for determining strain energy release rate components proposed by the authors. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental results. It is proved that the failure criterion based on the strain energy release rate is an appropriate approach to predict the initiation and growth of delaminations under cyclic loading.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2 s.32
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• pp.18-25
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• 1999

Western coastal ports of Korea experience severe tidal range with up to 9.7 meter between high and low tides. The significant water level variation implicates many operational difficulties during loading and un-loading from cargo ships. To overcome problems due to tide and to secure the continuous loading operation, a new loading system for container cargo called "container pallet system" is developed and introduced in the paper. Three types of structure forms, offshore structural deck, double bottom structural form and the mixed form, are inverstigated with MSC/NASTRAN software. The results prove that the mixed type structure with truss enforcement is found to be the most appropriate for the region.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2014

This paper will focus on improving the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in Rayleigh fading environments. The proposed technique will use a previously published method that has been shown to improve OFDM performance in independent fading, based on ordered sub-carrier selection. Then, a simple non-iterative method for finding the optimal bit-loading allocation was proposed. It was also based on ordered sub-carrier selection. We compared both of these algorithms to an optimal bit-loading solution to determine their effectiveness in a correlated fading environment. The correlated fading was simulated using the JTC channel models. Our intent was not to create an optimal solution, but to create a low complexity solution that can be used in a wireless environment in which the channel conditions change rapidly and that require a simple algorithm for fast bit loading.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.132-140
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• 1998

Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted using a three-stage rotating biological contactor unit followed by lime precipitation and sedimentation with effluent recycle to the first stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydraulic loadings of 0.031-0.076 $m^3/m^2/d and recycle ratio of 1 to 3 on the simultaneous removal of organics and nutrients from domestic wastewater. Lime was added to maintain pH of 10.4-11.0 in the coagulation-flocculation reactor. Results showed that the highest nitrogen removal rate of 70.5% occurred at the lower hydraulic loading of 0.031 $m^3/m^2/d at a recirculation rate of 300%, and similarly, highest nitrification occurred at the same hydraulic loading and recycle ratio. Concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the effluent was less than 1 mg/l at the same operating conditions for higher nitrogen removal. Whereas, high BOD and COD removal was observed at hydraulic loading rate of 0.054 $m^3/m^2/d, and high removal of organic matter was evident from the consistent low COD and BOD value. Results obtained from the operating condition of higher loading rate, 300% of recycle rate showed the highest removals. Increasing in recycle rate and hydraulic loading rate increased the volatile solids fraction of the sludges generated to the extent of 47% at 0.076 $m^3/m^2/d hydraulic loading and 300% recirculation rate. Since pH in the flocculator was maintained at the pH of 10.4-11.0, above 90% removal of phosphorus was obtained. Average concentration of suspended solids was always maintained over 40 mg/l in the effluent. Therefore an RBC unit operating at a hydraulic loading near 0.031 $m^3/m^2/d with a recycle rate of 300% is a viable and feasible alternate conditions to produce an effluent with relative low organic matter and phosphorus, provided that there is a neutralization unit to control the pH and SS of the effluent.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.510-515
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• 2017

It is important to speed up the loading time of web applications. Parsing is a loading process that contributes to an increased loading time. To address this issue, the optimization called Concurrent Parsing has been proposed which handles the parsing process in parallel by using additional threads. However, Concurrent Parsing has a limitation that it does not consider the priority order of parsing. In this paper, we propose heuristics that exploit priorities of parsing to improve the Concurrent Parsing. For parsing priority, we empirically investigate the sequence of function calls, classify functions into 3 categories, and extract function call probabilities. If a function has high call probability, we give a high priority and if a function has low probability, we give a low priority. We evaluate this priority heuristics on real web applications and get the 2.6% decrease of loading time on average.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

This paper describes the results of experiments and numerical simulation studies on the impact and indentation damage created by low-velocity impact subjected onto honeycomb sandwich panels for application to the BIMODAL tram. The test panels were subjected to low-velocity impact loading using an instrumented testing machine at six energy levels. Contact force histories as a function of time were evaluated and compared. The extent of the damage and depth of the permanent indentation was measured quantitatively using a 3-dimensional scanner. An explicit finite element analysis based on LS-DYNA3D was focused on the introduction of a material damage model and numerical simulation of low-velocity impact responses on honeycomb sandwich panels. Extensive material testing was conducted to determine the input parameters for the metallic and composite face-sheet materials and the effective equivalent damage model for the orthotropic honeycomb core material. Good agreement was obtained between numerical and experimental results; in particular, the numerical simulation was able to predict impact damage area and the depth of indentation of honeycomb sandwich composite panels created by the impact loading.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.433-444
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• 2019

Fatigue failure of a grid structure using bolt-sphere joints is liable to occur in a high-strength bolt due to the alternating and reciprocal actions of a suspension crane. In this study, variable amplitude fatigue tests were carried out on 20 40 Cr steel alloy M30 high-strength bolts using an MTS fatigue testing machine, and four cyclic stress amplitude loading patterns, Low-High, High-Low, Low-High-Low, and High-Low-High, were tested. The scanning electron microscope images of bolt fatigue failure due to variable amplitude stress were obtained, and the fractographic analysis of fatigue fractures was performed to investigate the fatigue failure mechanisms. Based on the available data from the constant amplitude fatigue tests, the variable amplitude fatigue life of an M30 high-strength bolt in a bolt-sphere joint was estimated using both Miner's rule and the Corten-Dolan model. Since both cumulative damage models gave similar predictions, Miner's rule is suggested for estimating the variable-amplitude fatigue life of M30 high-strength bolts in a grid structure with bolt-sphere joints; the S-N fatigue curve of the M30 high-strength bolts under variable amplitude loading was derived using equivalent stress amplitude as a design parameter.